Week 10 cardiovascular system blood part 1

Question 1

Overview

Answer 1

Cardiovascular system/ circulatory system is comprised of these components;
-Circulating gases, nutrients and wastes
-Blood, vessels and heart
These components ensure that the body gets all the nutrients it needs to function and that waste products are removed effectively

Question 2

Blood

Answer 2

Blood is a vital fluid that sustains life by performing essential functions, it acts as a transport carrier, providing various critical functions including; transportation, protection and regulation

Question 3

Blood function, transportation

Answer 3

-O2, CO2 and other gases movement
-Nutrients
-Electrolytes
-Metabolic waste
-Hormones, Cytokines

Question 4

O2 and CO2 movement

Answer 4

Oxygen transport; Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues throughout the body via red blood cells bound to haemoglobin
Carbon dioxide transport; Blood transports carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, from the tissues back to the lungs for exhalation

Question 5

Nutrients

Answer 5

Blood distributes nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to all cells in the body, providing the necessary fuel and building blocks for cellular function

Question 6

Electrolytes

Answer 6

Blood carries electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium and bicarbonate, which are essential for maintaining cellular function, nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Question 7

Metabolic waste

Answer 7

Blood transports metabolic waste products e.g., urea and creatinine to the kidneys for excretion -> helps maintain homeostasis

Question 8

Hormones and cytokines

Answer 8

Blood delivers hormones and cytokines, which are signalling molecules that regulate various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism and immune responses

Question 10

Antibodies and complement proteins

Answer 10

-Immune response Antibodies and complement proteins;
Blood contains antibodies (immunoglobulins) and complement proteins that help to identify and neutralise pathogens
-Blood loss-Clotting (platelets)

Question 11

Blood function, regulation

Answer 11

-Body temp
-pH
-Circulatory body fluid volume / concentration (osmosis)

Question 12

Blood characteristics

Answer 12

A liquid connective Tissue (only fluid tissue in the Human Body)
-A sticky viscous opaque fluid
->Scarlet Red: High Oxygen (in Artery)
->Dark Red: Low Oxygen (in vein)
-Blood volume: 1.2 to 1.5 Gallons: 8-10% of body weight
-Male: 5-6 L; Female: 4.5L

Question 13

Blood plasma

Answer 13

Plasma: Straw-coloured sticky fluid
~90% water
~10% soluble components
- Plasma proteins- Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
- Nutrients- Glucose, Amino acids, Cholesterol
- Gases- O2, CO2, traces (little bit <1%)
- Electrolytes- Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides & others
- Metabolic wastes- Urea

Question 14

Haematopoiesis

Answer 14

Blood cell formation;
Red bone marrow in, Axial skeleton, Girdles, Epiphyses of humerus and femur
Haematopoietic stem cells/ Haemocytoblast:
-Formation of RBC, WBC and Platelets
-Hormonal/Growth factors determine the type of cells
-Produced cells enter through
blood sinusoids

Question 15

Blood, white blood cells

Answer 15

In buffy coat
A key part of the immune system, WBCs protect the body against infections and foreign invaders

Question 16

Neutrophils

Answer 16

The most abundant type, involved in the initial immune response

Question 17

Lymphocytes

Answer 17

Include B-cells and T-cells, key players in adaptive immunity

Question 18

Monocytes

Answer 18

Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, involved in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Question 19

Eosinophils

Answer 19

Combat multicellular parasites and are involved in allergic reactions

Question 20

Basophils

Answer 20

Release histamine and other mediators involved in inflammatory responses

Question 21

Blood, platlets

Answer 21

Also known as thrombocytes;
-Cell fragments
-Contains mitochondria but no nucleus
Function: Play a crucial role in blood clotting and preventing blood loss from damaged vessels
(buffy coat)

Question 22

High WBC count

Answer 22

Philia: Surplus/Excess
Cytosis: Increase

Question 23

Low WBC count

Answer 23

Penia: Deficiency/not enough
Leukopenia (low white blood cell count), Risk of infection, Sepsis and Letha
Neutropenia (low neutrophils), Risk of bacterial infections
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets), the risk of blood loss, an autoimmune condition in children

Question 24

Haemoglobins

Answer 24

-Haem – Red pigment bound to Protein, Globin
Haem contains central Iron
Each Fe2+ ion binds to one O2
Four polypeptides -> 2 Alpha & 2 Beta
One Hb transport 4 O2 molecules

Question 25

High WBC count 2

Answer 25

Leucocytosis: Sign of Infection
Neutrophilia -> (Neutrophil Leucocytosis)
-Sign of Bacterial Infection, pneumonia
->Eosinophilia, sign of parasitic Infection, helminthiasis
->Lymphocytosis, sign of viral Infection, hepatitis
->Monocytosis, sign of bacterial Infection in tissues, TB

Question 26

Red blood cells

Answer 26

Erythrocytes
-Men – 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microlitre (cells/mcL)
-Women – 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL
-Biconcave- no nucleus and organelles (Large surface area for exchange)
(Anaerobic ATP synthesis, don’t use O2)
-97% of RBC is Haemoglobin – Gas Transport: Oxygen (Reversible binding)
-Spectrin, a plasma membrane protein- (Flexibility of shape- to get throughnsmaller capillaries)

Question 27

Haemoglobin and gas transport -> O2

Answer 27

O2 (loading) + Hb= Bright Red (OxygenatedBlood):
Oxyhaemoglobin
98-100% saturated O2
O2 (unloading) + Hb= Dark/Ruby Red (Deoxygenated Blood):
Deoxyhaemoglobin
75-80% saturated O2

Question 28

Haemoglobin and gas transport -> CO2

Answer 28

CO2 (loading) + Hb= ~20% of CO2 bound Hb:
Carbaminohaemoglobin