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Psychology > Week 7, Interpersonal Topics Related To Social Psych > Flashcards

Week 7, Interpersonal Topics Related To Social Psych Flashcards

Social psychology, external influences, prejudice, discrimination, racism, abnormal behavior

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how people’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by other people.It examines how people affect one another and it looks at the power of the situation.

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2
Q

What do social psychologists believe influence individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

A

They are very much influenced by social situations

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3
Q

What are the intrapersonal topics related to social psychology

A

Emotions, attitudes, the self, and social cognition

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4
Q

What are the interpersonal topics related to social psychology

A

Those that pretain to dyads and groups including helping behavior, aggression, prejudice & discrimination, attraction and close relationships and group processes and intergroup relationships

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5
Q

Behavior is a product of both

A

The situation: Cultural influences, social rules, and the presence of bystanders
The person: Personality characteristics

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6
Q

Situationism

A

The view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

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7
Q

Dispositionism

A

Holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors

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8
Q

Internal factor

A

An attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament

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9
Q

What are the 2 different types of internal influences

A
  1. Biological effects

2. Psychological effects

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10
Q

Biological effects

A

Things that influence behavior such as the brain or areas of the brain such as chemicals or the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Psychological effects

A

Effects on behavior that stem from your mind such as personality traits like shyness, optimism, or pessimism

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12
Q

What type of experiments did Solomon Asch conduct in the 1950s

A

Experiments to determine how people are affected by the thoughts and behaviors of other people

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13
Q

What is a confederate

A

A person who is aware of the experiment and works with the researcher

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14
Q

What are confederates used for in experiments

A
  • They are used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
  • They make true participants believe that they are uninformed participants in the experiment
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15
Q

What were the results of the Asch line experiments

A

76% of participants conformed to group pressure at least once by indicating the incorrect line. But they privately did not accept that the obvious wrong answers were correct.

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16
Q

Conformity

A

The change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group

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17
Q

Asch effect

A

The influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment

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18
Q

What are key influences on conformity

A

The size of the majority, the the presence of another dissenter, the public or relatively private nature of responses

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19
Q

In the Asch effect is there an upper limit, a point where adding more members does not increase conformity?

A

At numbers beyond 7, conformity leveled off and decreased slightly

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20
Q

How does the presence of at least one dissenter influence conformity

A

If there is at least one, the conformity rate drops to near zero

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21
Q

How does public or private nature of the responses effect conformity

A

When responses are made publicly, conformity is more likely, however, when responses are made privately conformity is less likely

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22
Q

Compliance

A

Going along with a request or demand even if you do not agree with a request. It can be a form of conformity.

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23
Q

In voting what is an example of compliance

A

When someone’s vote changes if it is made in public versus private

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24
Q

What are the two types of motivations to conform

A
  1. Normative social influence

2. Informational social influence

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25
Q

Normative social influence

A

People conform to the group Norm to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group

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26
Q

Information on social influence

A

People conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information, particularly when the task or situation is ambiguous

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27
Q

What type of social influence was operating in the Asch conformity studies

A

Since the line judgment task was ambiguous, participants did not need to rely on the group for information. Instead, participants complied to fit and avoid ridicule, and instance of normative social influence.

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28
Q

What factors determine How likely it is that someone will demonstrate conformity

A

Participants age, gender, and socio-cultural background

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29
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group.

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30
Q

What experimental practice helped participants have an increased positive attitude toward another cultural group and an increase in positive traits associated with that group

A

When participants were asked to imagine themselves positively interacting with someone from a different group

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31
Q

Stereotype

A

A specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics

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32
Q

Discrimination

A

Negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group. When people act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people.

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33
Q

Another phrase for stereotypes

A

Negative beliefs toward a particular group

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34
Q

Another phrase for prejudice

A

Negative attitudes toward a particular group

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35
Q

What is the function and connection of a stereotype

A

Function: cognitive; thoughts about people

Connection: over generalized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice

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36
Q

What is the function and connection of prejudice

A

Function: Affective: feelings about people, both positive and negative

Connection: feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination

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37
Q

What is the function and connection of discrimination

A

Function: behavior; positive or negative treatment of others
Connection: holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and bias treatment of group members

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38
Q

Give an example of a stereotype towards Yankees

A

Yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious

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39
Q

Give an example of prejudice towards Yankees

A

I hate Yankee fans, they make me angry

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40
Q

Give an example of discrimination towards Yankees

A

I would never hire nor become friends with the person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan

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41
Q

How is it that someone can show prejudice and discrimination in a positive way

A

They could show preferential treatment for people who are like themselves that is, who share the same gender, race, or favorite sports team

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42
Q

What are three pieces of information we automatically process when we meet a stranger

A

Their race, gender, and age

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43
Q

That information that we initially process when meeting a stranger, what is it usually based on

A

Stereotypes

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44
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on one’s membership in a specific racial group

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45
Q

What is the dual attitude model

A

Humans have two forms of attitudes:

Explicit attitudes and implicit attitudes

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46
Q

Explicit attitude

A

Attitudes which are conscious and controllable

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47
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

Attitudes which are unconscious and uncontrollable

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48
Q

How does racial bias or other prejudices affect a person’s need to be viewed socially desirable and hold egalitarian views

A

Most people do not show extreme racial bias or other prejudice on measures of their explicit attitudes. However, measures of implicit attitudes often show evidence of mild to strong racial bias or other prejudices

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49
Q

Sexism

A

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex

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50
Q

Which group shows more sexism

A

Men usually hold more biases against women but either sex can show sex of them toward their own or their opposite sex

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51
Q

What are common forms of sexism in modern society

A
  • Gender role expectations, such as expecting women to be the caters of the household.
  • Expectations for how members of a gender group should behave such as women being passive in nurturing and men being assertive and neglectful
52
Q

On a societal level where is sexism seen

A

Hiring, employment opportunities, education. Women are less likely to be hired or promoted and male-dominated professions. When female applicants self-promote they are viewed as competent but disliked due to the violation of gender expectations for modesty.

53
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

54
Q

Typically ageism effects

A

Older adults but ageism can also occur towards young adults

55
Q

What is a common attitude about ageism and older adults

A

That they are incompetent, physically weak, and slow, and some are considered less attractive

56
Q

How does the US versus other cultures like Asian, Latino, and African-American cultures view older adults

A

They afford older adults respect and honor

57
Q

Homophobia

A

Prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation

58
Q

What did the research into homophobia result

A

Homophobic men showed sexual arousal to a homosexual male video. These men indicated that they were not sexually aroused despite their erections. These findings suggested that the homophobic individuals either deny or are unaware of their homosexuality.

59
Q

Why is it that prejudice and discrimination persist in society

A
  1. Children learn prejudiced attitudes and beliefs from society such as their parents, teachers, friends, the media, and other sources of socialization.
  2. If these things are acceptable in society, there may be normative pressures to conform and share those prejudiced beliefs and attitudes.
60
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

An expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true

61
Q

How do our stereotypes affect how we treat people

A

When we hold the stereotype about a person we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype and we tend to treat that person according to our expectations.

62
Q

How do our stereotypes towards people influence them

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy:
This treatment can influence a person to act according to our stereotypic expectations thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs.

63
Q

What is confirmation bias

A

When interacting with the target of our prejudice, we tend to pay attention to information that is consistent with our stereotypic expectations and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations.

64
Q

When do social class stereotypes tend to arise compared to when they do not

A

They tend to arise when information about the individual is ambiguous compared to when the information is unambiguous, stereotypes do not tend to arise

65
Q

In group

A

A group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

66
Q

Out group

A

A group that we view as fundamentally different from us

67
Q

What group is a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem

A

An in-group such as a gender, race, age, or social economic group that we belong to

68
Q

What differences do people often view as fundamentally different in regard to gender groups

A

Personality traits, characteristics, social roles, and interests

69
Q

Why is it that we develop an in group bias

A

Because we often feel a strong sense of belonging and emotional connection to our in groups

70
Q

What is an in-group bias

A

A preference for our own group over other groups which can result in prejudice and discrimination because the out group is perceived as different and is less preferred than our in group

71
Q

As a function of prejudice to help build and maintain a positive self-concept, how do in groups resolve threats individually or at an ingroup level

A

By blaming an out-group for a problem; scapegoating

72
Q

What is scapegoating

A

The act of blaming and out group when the in group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal

73
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

74
Q

Altruism

A

People’s desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

75
Q

What is an example of altruism

A

A co-worker helping someone to safety from a fire and then going back in the burning building to help additional coworkers

76
Q

What does altruism operate on

A

Empathy

77
Q

What is empathy

A

The capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels

78
Q

What type of connection does an empathetic person make

A

An emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help

79
Q

What do some researchers argue when it comes to empathy

A
  • Some say empathy is a form of selfless helping that is not motivated by benefits or feeling good about oneself (altruism)
  • Others argue that helping is always self-serving because our egos are involved (egoism)
80
Q

What is the most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships

A

With whom you have the most contact, the most important factor is proximity.

81
Q

What are other factors that influence who we form relationships with

A

Someone with similar background, attitudes, and lifestyle

82
Q

Do opposites attract

A

There’s no evidence that opposites attract, we are attracted to people who are most like us

83
Q

Why are we attracted to people who are similar to us

A

Because sharing things in common (music, hobbies, food, etc.) will make it easier to get along and form connections.

84
Q

Homophily

A

The tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similar

85
Q

What does homophily limit

A

Our exposure to diversity. We will have limited exposure to different races, ethnicities, social economic status, and life situations. Because we will have homogeneous groups we will not be exposed to different points of view.

86
Q

What do we desire when we form relationships with people

A

Reciprocity

87
Q

What is reciprocity

A

The give and take in a relationship. When we contribute to relationships we expect to receive benefits as well, like self disclosure.

88
Q

Self disclosure

A

The sharing of personal information

89
Q

Deviance

A

This refers to behaviors that are outside the realm of societal expectations.

90
Q

Disorders that show deviant behaviors are

A

Associated in many cases with behaviors that we engage in our normal everyday life, but that are at an extreme level that is not consistent with normal functioning

91
Q

What is an example of a deviant mental disorder

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder

92
Q

Dysfunction

A

Refers to the extent to which the behavior causes impairment in one or more important areas of functioning

93
Q

Because there are no clear biological diagnosis for most mental disorders, how are psychological disorders diagnosed

A

On the basis of clinical observations of the individual’s behaviors

94
Q

Clinical observations for psychological disorders find that emotional states and behaviors operate on

A

A continuum, ranging from normal and accepted to more abnormal and unaccepted

95
Q

How is the behavior considered a psychological disorder

A

It is determined not only by whether a behavior is deviant, but also by whether a behavior is dysfunctional or maladaptive

96
Q

When would an intense fear of spiders be considered a psychological disorder

A

If it were to have a significant and negative impact on the individual’s life, for instance by causing him or her to be unable to step outside the house

97
Q

Distress

A

Refers to the behavior causing the individual physical or emotional harm

98
Q

What are some examples of disorders that cause distress

A

Substance abuse, suicide attempts, and repeated binging and purging

99
Q

Our behaviors that simply are unusual classified as disorders? Give an example

A
  • The additional focus is on distress and dysfunction therefore to be simply unusual does not classify it as a disorder.
  • Less common cultural, religious or sexual practices are not considered disorders if they do not cause significant distress or dysfunction.
100
Q

What did ancient tradition attribute psychological disorders to? What were some of the remedies

A
  • Sorcery and witchcraft

- whipping, blood letting, purges, and trepanation which involved cutting a hole in the skull to release the demons.

101
Q

Up until the 18th century, what was the most common treatment for the mentally ill

A

Incarceration in asylums or mad houses

102
Q

What were some reformers during the 18th century

A

Philippe Pinel, Benjamin Rush, Dorothea Dix

103
Q

What did Philippe Pinel believe

A

That mental illness was caused by a combination of physical and psychological stressors, exacerbated by inhumane conditions

104
Q

What treatment did Philippe Pinel advocate

A

Exercise, fresh air, and daylight for the inmates, as well as treating them gently and talking with them

105
Q

What was Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix’s approach to treating the mentally ill

A

They created mental hospitals that treated patients humanely and attempted to cure them if possible

106
Q

Stigma

A

This refers to a disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group

107
Q

How has mental health been stigmatized

A
  • it has been accompanied by disrespectful and dehumanizing labels such as crazy, nuts
  • Mass media has influenced society to develop negative attitudes towards mental illness
  • They are treated poorly by social service, families, schools, workplaces, places of worship, and healthcare providers
108
Q

What is the most significant problem of stigmatization towards those with psychological disorders

A

It slows the recovery

109
Q

How does the internalization of social attitudes towards mental illness affect those with mental disorders

A

They become embarrassed or ashamed that they conceal their difficulties and fail to seek treatment. It can lead to lower self-esteem, increased isolation, and hopelessness, and negatively influence the individual’s family and professional life.

110
Q

How does the National Alliance on Mental Illness help combat stigmatization of mental health

A

They work to reduce the negative impact by providing education, community action, individual support, and other techniques

111
Q

What does the American Psychiatric Association publish

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

112
Q

How does the DSM help

A

It helps therapists, researchers, drug companies, health insurance companies and policy makers in the United States determine whether behavior should be considered a psychological disorder

113
Q

What type of criteria and classification does the DSM provide

A

It provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders

114
Q

What was removed as a mental disorder in 1973 by the DSM because it in fact did not have more mental pathology than heterosexuals

A

Homosexuality

115
Q

What is the DSM-5 contain

A

The symptoms to make a diagnosis, clinical features, demographic data, and statistical information

116
Q

Attribution

A

Involves trying to determine the causes of our own behavior and the behavior of other people

117
Q

What are the two categories that attribution falls under

A
  1. Dispositional attributions

2. Situational attributions

118
Q

Dispositional attributions

A

Causes that reside within a person such as personality/mood / attitude

119
Q

Situational attributions

A

Causes that are external to a person such as bad neighborhood, poor work conditions, a hard life

120
Q

Give an example of a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution for a child’s bad grades

A

Dispositional attribution: learning disability

Situational attribution: incompetent teacher

121
Q

Give an example of a dispositional attribution and a situational attribution for an employee’s absenteeism

A

Dispositional attribution: lazy personality

Situational attribution: stressful work environment

122
Q

Give an example of a dispositional cause and a situational cause for someone you were on a date with having a nervous manner

A

Dispositional: insecure
Situational: bad history with the waiter or waitress

123
Q

What is a fundamental attribution error

A

When people have a tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of situations when analyzing the behaviors of others

124
Q

Provide an example of a fundamental attribution error when it comes to why a boss believes an employee misses work

A

A boss is more likely to believe that an employee misses work because they are lazy and not due to a stressful work environment

125
Q

What is the actor observer difference

A

As an observer we are likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, however when we are the actor we have a tendency to overestimate the impact of situations and underestimate the impact of personal disposition

126
Q

Give an example of actor observer difference when it comes to missing work

A

We believe we are more likely to be absent from work because of the stressful work environment rather than because we are lazy

127
Q

When determining the causes of other people’s behavior we are likely to

A

Commit the fundamental attribution error

Psychology (7 decks)

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