Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What did Plato write about in 400 BCE

A

Psychological topics such as what we recognize with our modern eyes as the free will vs determinism debate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was Hippocrates (400BCE) and what did he believe

A

He was a medical doctor that believed that mental illness was the result of an imbalance in bodily fluids. He would use medical practices to solve mental illness issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were the 2 areas of psychology that Plato and Hippocrates we’re interested in in

A

Plato–} Basic Topics

Hippocrates–} Applied Topics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Basic Topics

A

Attempts to understand ourselves and others, that’s for curiosity sake rather than to solve a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of basic topics

A
  • Why am I the way I am?
  • Where do my thoughts and feelings come from?
  • Can people change?
  • Whats my purpose?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Applied topics

A

A need to solve disorders through diagnosis and treatment (people’s quality of life is at stake): Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Depression, Anxiety, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What philosophers wrote about Basic Topics in the 1600s

A

Rene Descartes : The Mind Body Problem

Thomas Hobbes : Free Will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Was psychology practiced in the 1600s

A

No, there was interest and it was studied, but these areas remained seperate and didn’t really have a “home”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who wrote about Applied topics and what kind of things were written about it

A
  • Medical Doctors
  • They formed theories and wrote about their experiences with patients such as enormous variation in the presumed causes and treatment for mental disorders, including demonic possession, imprisonment, lobotomies, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the late 1800s, who’s interest led to the birth of Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was Wilhelm Wundt interested in

A

Conscious experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How did Wilhelm Wundt study the elements of consciousness

A

He used the scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the conscious experience

A
  • Introspection: reflecting inward and providing a description of ones own experiences, it’s ongoing, reflecting mood, reflecting thoughts of future and past
  • Description of the elements you perceive in real time such as sound, color, taste, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did Wundt learn about taste

A

It’s composed of 4 elements: salty, bitter, sour, and sweet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did Wundt’s work result in

A
  • The creation of a new academic discipline, psychology
  • He introduced empiricism, and established the scientific method and as way to study psychology
  • He established psychology as a subject in which people could earn a degree
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did psychology come to the the US

A

Wundt’s students brought it to the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Empiricism

A

a method of study relying on empirical evidence, which includes things you’ve experienced: stuff you can see and touch. Empiricism is based on facts, evidence, and research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Wundt’s students establish in the US

A

Accredited journals and the APA; American Psychological Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Psychology

A
  • The scientific study of behavior and mind

- This includes both basic and applied topics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is behavior

A

Directly observable activities such as work performance, laughing, talking, time spent in something, brain activity, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the mind

A

Aspects of subjective experience such as sensations, thoughts, and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What 2 groups of study were psychologists interested in during the late 1800s to early 1900s

A
  1. Consciousness

2. Psychometrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Psychometrics

A

The science if creating tests to measure psychological things such as intelligence, disorders,etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some examples of psychometrics

A
  1. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test (1916)

2. MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (1942)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What were the 2 branches if psychology in the early 1900s

A

The study of consciousness and the study of testing (psychometrics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who did recent medical graduate, Sigmund Freud, study under

A

Dr. Jean Charcot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What did Dr. Charcot and Freud study

A

Patients with hysteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hysteria

A

A disorder with symptoms ranging from stuttering, inability to swallow, numbness, paralysis, etc. Doctors we’re unable to find a ohysiy explanation for these symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What captivated Freud’s interest and what theory did it help him create

A

Hysteria

The theory of psychoanalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What idea is Freud mist famous for

A

The idea of the unconscious mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the unconscious mind

A

°The irrational part of the mind that we have no conscious awareness of
°It contains sexual urges and aggressive instincts
°It has no regard for reality and wants everything right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why did Freud believe psychological problems arose

A

Due to unconscious conflict or unmet unconscious wishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What were some techniques used by Freud to gain access to the unconscious mind

A

Hypnosis, dream evaluation, free association, projective tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What were some good f the projective tests used

A

Rorschach and TAT: thematic apperception test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the Rorschach test

A

a psychological test in which subjects’ perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person’s personality characteristics and emotional functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What did Freud believe about behavior and personality

A

•Sigmund Freud believed that behavior and personality were derived from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What were the 3 different levels of awareness that Freud believed influenced behavior and personality

A

The preconscious, conscious, and unconscious
•these three systems applied to his structure of the personality, or psyche – (1) the id is regarded as entirely unconscious, (2) the ego and (3) superego have conscious, preconscious, and unconscious aspects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How did Freud believe the 3 systems of awareness applied to his structure of personality and how does this relate to the glacier metaphor

A

• The personality, or psyche was regarded as follows:
(1) the id –> entirely unconscious
(2) the ego–> preconscious and conscious
(3) superego–> conscious, preconscious, and unconscious aspects.
• parts if the psyche are considered that glacier, those parts that are above the water are considered the conscious mind and those in the water are everything else (preconscious, unconscious; which was the vast majority)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What was the goal of psychoanalysis therapy

A

To gain access to the unconscious mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What methods do we still use today that stem from Freud and psychoanalysis

A

Therapy: the talking cure, the power of insight in or becoming consciously aware, denial, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What was one bizarre condition Freud believed boys suffered from

A

Oedipal Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Oedipal Complex

A

Boys 3-5 years developed sexual desire for and wished to be ethe primary object if their mothers love. They feared that if their father discovered this, they would be castrated. This would cause intense anxiety and conflict and a desire to eliminate their father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why were many psychologist frustrated with Freud’s work

A
  • Because they were unable to test his ideas, these things were invisible like the unconscious mind, consciousness itself, intelligence
  • As scientist they wanted to study that which was observable to the naked eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What did psychologists interested only in that which is observable study? What were they called? When did this branch of psychology originate?

A
  1. Behavior and Environment
  2. Behaviorists
  3. 1920s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What did behaviorists study?

A

The carried out meticulous experiments with animals because they could carefully control all relevant variables. They did not study humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What did behaviorist’s experiments lead to

A

The development of a variety of effective therapy techniques such as behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, systematic desensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What did Behaviorist’s believe

A

They believed in determinism, but believed that the environment determines our behavior. If our environment changes, that changes you and determines more things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What did Freud and believe

A

They believed in determinism affected by the unconscious mind–> the unconscious mind determines behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

By the 1920s what were the four branches of psychology and give a brief description of each

A
  1. Wundt research: studied consciousness
  2. Psychometrics: those who created tests
  3. Freudism: psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy
  4. Behaviorism: studied behavior and environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What shook up the field in the 1940s and changed psychology

A

World War II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

During WWII what did the military do and why?

A

Many soldiers that survived came home with “she’ll shock” so the military tried to address this issue by funding research into the different branches of psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What were the different branches if psychology that were funded by the military

A
  1. Basic research (Wundt)
  2. Psychometrics
  3. Psychoanalytic Therapy
  4. Behavioral Therapies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What kind of things did basic research do for the military

A

They performed a variety of experiments like test limits of vision in order to create the best camouflage for a given environment and to accurately assess war environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What kind of things did psychometrics do for the military

A

They created tests that would help military screen out soldiers who had a high potential for PTSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What kind of things did psychoanalytic therapy do for the military

A

They helped soldiers that were suffering from psychological trauma from traumatic experiences in the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What kind of things did behavioral therapy do for the military

A

They helped soldiers suffering from psychological trauma from traumatic experiences in the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What problem did psychologists encounter in the 1950s when the war was over

A

There wasn’t enough psychologists in practice to treat all those in need. The number of positions in the VA exceeded the total number of qualified psychologists nationwide at the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How long did it take in the 1950s to become a psychologist

A

6 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What was created to help treat soldiers

A

To create enough therapists for soldiers in need a shorter path was created for therapists in training, they were called counselors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Clinical psychologist degree, treatment, target population, example if disorders

A

Usually PhD, long term therapy, specialize in specific illness, Ex. OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Counseling degree, treatment, target population, example if disorders

A

Usually Masters, long and short term therapy, wide range from mild to severe illnesses, Ex. Marital conflict, career choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Psychiatry degree, treatment, target population, example if disorders

A

MD, oversite of medication and dosage, hospitalized patients, does not usually provide counseling/therapy, Ex Schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Research clinician degree, treatment, target population, example if disorders

A

PhD, not licensed for treatment, no population specification, no disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Facts about modern psychology

A

1) relies on science, the truth
2) eclectic: consider all theories, mist have insight to offer any problem
3) Professional structure that provides researchers and therapists of different training and backgrounds to help a variety of people
4) May not be able to cure but it can help, enrich and listen to those that need it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Free will

A

Believe that people are responsible for their actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Scientific determinism

A

Belief in biological forces that influence their talents and personality, and environmental forces such as past environment create your current intelligence and per personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Fatalistic determinism

A

Fate already has a plan for each of us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Randomness

A

A belief that life is unpredictable exemplified by life is hard to predict because it is almost totally random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Unobservable mental phenomenona

A

Concepts such as memory and intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Operational definitions

A
  • The specification of the observable and measurable conditions under which some phenomenon is said to occur
  • We use events we can measureto give meaning to a concept related to a mental phenomenona
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are 2 advantages to using operational definitions

A
  1. By operationally defining psychological concepts we can be certain that all researchers who make use of the same operational definition will be studying the same thing.
  2. They prevent subjective impressions from influencing our observations.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are limitations to operational definitions

A
  1. It may measure concepts in addition to the one we are trying to measure.
  2. A single operational definition typically cannot measure all aspects of a psychological concept.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is an example of other concepts that could be measured with an operational definition in addition to the one we are trying to measure

A

When measuring the concept of knowledge by providing a multiple choice test we may also measure concepts such as test anxiety verbal comprehension reading rate distractibility and test wiseness.

74
Q

Why is it that a single operational definition typically cannot measure all aspects of psychological concept

A

This is because psychological concepts are often complex they refer to broad range of cognitions emotions and behaviors

75
Q

What are other things to consider when coming up with an operational definition

A
  1. Is the definition to casual, would it be used in a real experiment?
  2. Is it observable to the naked eye?
  3. Is it too general or too specific?
  4. Would there be any follow-up questions to understand what your definition is stating
76
Q

What is the scientific method used for

A

To generate knowledge

77
Q

What is one of the most important considerations when planning a study in psychology and why?

A

How you will observe and measure your variables because most psychological variables are invisible

78
Q

Give examples of psychological variables that are invisible

A

Happiness, shyness, trust, attraction, shame

79
Q

What is the function of an operational definition

A

To provide definitions that specify how variables will be observed and measured

80
Q

After deciding the operational definition for the variable you want to study what would be the next step

A

He must decide which research method you will use to gather data

81
Q

What are the different research methods available

A
  1. Descriptive research methods

2. Experiments

82
Q

What are the different types of descriptive research methods

A
  1. Case studies
  2. Naturalistic observation
  3. Surveys
83
Q

What is the problem with descriptive research methods

A

Information on the topic is limited and you cannot extract any cause and effect information between two variables

84
Q

What important feature do experiments provide

A

They allow us to determine cause and effect

85
Q

What things do you need to conduct an experiment

A
  1. Start with the hypothesis
  2. Determine your independent variable
  3. Determine the dependent variable
  4. Plan how the experiment will be conducted
  5. Randomly assign people to different levels of the independent variable
  6. Observe whether or not the dependent variable is affected by the independent variable
86
Q

Independent variable

A

The cause–>It is believed to cause changes in the dependent variable, manipulated by the experimenter

87
Q

Dependent variable

A

The effect–>It is believed to change in response to the independent variable, it is measured by the experimenter

88
Q

To test a hypothesis we need to create at least 2 levels or conditions of what? Why?

A
  • Of the independent variable

- We need something to compare it with to verify if the independent variable we’re evaluating actually worked or didn’t

89
Q

What are the two different conditions of the independent variable called when one group is taking a medication and the other group is not

A

One is the treatment condition: receiving meds

The other is the control condition: receiving placebo

90
Q

Can we create more than two levels or conditions for an independent variable

A

Yes

91
Q

To test our hypothesis what must we measure

A

The effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

92
Q

In an experiment do we let people decide which group they want to be in? Why?

A

No we don’t because we want to make the groups as equal as possible without any bias

93
Q

What is random assignment

A

A technique for assigning people to experimental conditions that ensures that everyone has an equal chance of being in each group to minimize bias

94
Q

Is random assignment the same as random sample

A

No random sample is relevant to survey research

95
Q

What are some possible ways to perform random assignment

A

We could draw names from a hat to determine who is going to be in each group or we could flip a coin for each participant heads for the treatment group and tales for the control group

96
Q

What is a placebo effect

A

This occurs when experimental results are caused by an expectation, beliefs influence, it determines their experience in a given situation. In other words when people expect improvement often times they improve.

97
Q

How do we avoid a placebo effect when it comes to medication experiments

A

We could give the control group a water pill so that they have the same expectations as the treatment group

98
Q

What are the pros and cons of experiments

A
  • The pros are that they give us cause and effect explanation leading to conclusions and they allow you to create a situation rather than waiting for it to happen
  • The cons are that some people criticize them because they are not always possible or ethical
99
Q

What does the most basic experimental design involve

A

Two groups the experimental group and the control group

100
Q

Experimental group

A

This group gets the experimental manipulation, the treatment or variable being tested

101
Q

Control group

A

The control group does not receive the treatment or variable being tested

102
Q

What two key things does an operational definition provide

A
  1. A description of how we will measure our variables

2. It will allow others to understand exactly how and what a researcher measures in a particular experiment

103
Q

How does an operational definition help our study or experiment results

A
  1. It gives people the ability to interpret our data

2. It gives others the capacity to repeat our experiment

104
Q

What is experimenter bias

A

The possibility that a researchers expectations my skew the results of a study

105
Q

What is a single blind study

A

This is when a group of participants are unaware as to which group they are in (experiment or control group) while the researcher who developed the experiment knows which participants are in each group

106
Q

What is a double blind study

A

Both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

107
Q

Why would a researcher want to run a study where no one knows who is in which group

A

Because in this way we are able to control the expectations for both the experimenter and participant

108
Q

Which variable in an experiment is controlled by the experimenter

A

The independent variable

109
Q

What is the only difference between the experimental and control groups

A

The independent variable

110
Q

What do researchers measure to see how the effects of an experiment are

A

The dependent variable

111
Q

What will change as a function of the independent variable

A

The dependent variable

112
Q

Participants

A

Subjects of a psychological research and individuals who are involved in psychological research actively participate in the process

113
Q

Random sample

A

A subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

114
Q

Why are random samples

A

Because if the sample is large enough we can be reasonably sure that the participating individuals are representative of the larger population. Such characteristics of a sample should include sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic level, that are close to those percentages in the larger population

115
Q

What is unlikely to occur with large samples and random assignments in an experiment

A

It is unlikely that there are systematic differences between the groups

116
Q

How would our experiments be affected if the groups in the experiment were systematically different before the experiment began

A

We would not know the origin of any differences we find between the groups, were they pre-existing or were they caused by manipulation of the independent variable?

117
Q

In the random assignment of an experiment we assume that the differences observed between the experimental and control groups result from?

A

Manipulation of the independent variable

118
Q

What is the next step after data is collected from both experimental and control groups

A

The statistical analysis

119
Q

What is the function of statistical analysis

A

It is to find if there are meaningful differences between the experimental and control groups. It determines How likely any difference is due to chance

120
Q

What is the greatest strength of an experiment

A

It’s ability to assert that any significant differences in the findings are caused by the independent variable

121
Q

What is the next step after interpreting experimental findings

A

The information is shared with other scientists, usually published in a peer-reviewed journal article

122
Q

APA

A

American psychological association publishes a manual detailing how to write a paper for submission to scientific journals

123
Q

What do peer reviewed journal articles target

A

It is aimed at the an audience of professionals and scholars who are actively involved in research themselves

124
Q

Informed consent

A

A consent signed by each participant in an experiment that provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, potential risks and implications of the research, informs involvement is completely voluntary and can be discontinued without penalty at any time. The data collected will also remain confidential.

125
Q

Why is deception sometimes necessary in experiments

A
  • It is to prevent participants knowledge of the exact research from affecting the results of the study
  • it involves purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment but not to the point where it could be considered harmful
126
Q

What is debriefing

A

This occurs upon conclusion of the study, it encompasses complete honest information about the purpose, how data was collected and will be used, the reasons why the deception was necessary and how to obtain additional information about the study.

127
Q

What committee reviews animal experimental proposals

A

Institutional animal Care and use committee (IACUC)

128
Q

What committee reviews human participant experimental proposals

A

IRBs

129
Q

What are case studies

A

A method of observation in which one person or one event is studied in depth

130
Q

What information is gathered in a case study when a person is involved

A

Childhood events, parents, siblings, jobs, education, romantic history, criminal history, health, age, (SES) socioeconomic status

131
Q

When an event is studied for a case study what information is gathered by researcher

A

Detailed descriptions of the event, what people were doing before and after the event occurred, how people feel affected by the event

132
Q

Are case studies frequently done

A

No they are not. They’re usually done to learn more about something really rare such as an isolated events or evil or corrupt killers.

133
Q

When are case studies useful

A
  1. When studying low base rate phenomena/things that are rare
  2. When you want to generate new ideas
134
Q

Why are case studies criticized

A

When you examine one instance, one person or event, there’s almost zero generalizability and you cannot establish cause and effect

135
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

A method in which a researcher observes and records the behavior of people and everyday life

136
Q

What is vital in naturalistic observation

A

That the people do not know that they are being observed because then they start acting differently or unnatural

137
Q

When is naturalistic observation useful

A

When you want to avoid reactance. This allows a researcher to observe things that might be tainted when people know that they are being watched

138
Q

What is reactance

A

An individual changes his or her behavior because he or she knows that he or she is being observed

139
Q

Why is the naturalistic observation criticized

A

Because you cannot establish cause and effect

140
Q

What is the survey method in psychology

A

A method in what your researcher gathers self-reported attitudes, opinions, emotions, or behaviors of people.

141
Q

What is an important thing to consider in survey research

A

Ensuring that each person in the population you are studying has an equal chance of being included in your study

142
Q

In survey research how can you ensure that each person in the population has an equal chance of being represented in your study

A

Random sample will be able to represent a population because each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the study

143
Q

When are surveys useful

A

When you’re looking for an easy way to gather data about a lot of people

144
Q

Why are surveys criticized

A

Because:

  1. Individuals may not be willing to reveal the truth about themselves or may not be able to.
  2. Cannot establish cause and effect
145
Q

How are experiments different from descriptive research methods

A
  1. A resource that’s up a situation usually in a laboratory
  2. The situation is nearly the same for every participant in the study, they’re controlling the variables
  3. Participants encounter different levels of the independent variable
146
Q

What is the main difference between experiments and descriptive research methods

A

An experiment always has a cause and effect llk

147
Q

The array of numbers left with after a study are called

A

Data

148
Q

How does statistics help us with our experiments

A

It allows us to summarize data test hypothesis and make sense of it all

149
Q

What is central tendency include

A

Mean, median, and mode

150
Q

What does variability include

A
  1. Min/max
  2. Range
  3. Standard deviation
151
Q

How do you calculate the mean

A
  1. Add up all the numbers
  2. Count the # of numbers you have
  3. Divide the sum of all the numbers by the # of numbers
152
Q

How do you calculate the mode

A
  1. Arrange the numbers from smallest to largest
  2. Visually scan the numbers to determine which one appears more frequently by arranging the numbers from smallest to largest
153
Q

Is it possible that there is no mode

A

Yes

154
Q

Can there be more than one mode

A

Yes

155
Q

How do you calculate median

A
  1. Arrange the numbers from smallest to largest
  2. Count the # of numbers you have
  3. Find the position of the median
156
Q

How do you know how to find the position of the median

A

It depends on whether you have an odd versus even # of numbers

157
Q

How do you find the position of the median of an odd # of numbers

A
  1. You count the # of numbers you have

2. You add that # +1 then divide by two and this tells you the position

158
Q

How do you find the position of the median of an even # of numbers

A
  1. You count the # of numbers you have
  2. Then use these 2 formulas n/2 and (n/2) +1
  3. You will have 2 results that will be used for 2 positions
  4. You then calculate the mean of the 2 numbers
159
Q

How do you calculate the min/max

A
  1. Arrange the numbers from smallest to largest
  2. Take note of the smallest and largest numbers
  3. The Min is the lowest number and the Max is the largest number
160
Q

How do you calculate the Range

A
  1. Arrange the numbers from smallest to largest
  2. Take note of the smallest and largest number
  3. Minus the smallest number from the largest number
  4. Your result will be a single number
161
Q

What is correlation used for

A

To determine if two variables are related to one another

162
Q

What specifically will correlation tell you

A

If two variables are positively, negatively, or not related to each other

163
Q

What is a positive correlation

A

As one variable increases the other variable also increases

164
Q

What is a negative correlation

A

As one variable increases the other variable decreases

165
Q

What is Zero correlation

A

Two variables are not related to each other

166
Q

Correlations range

A

From -1.00 to +1.00

167
Q

What does a correlation of zero mean

A

That there is no relationship between two variables

168
Q

What does a correlation of exactly + 1.00 or - 1.00 mean

A

That the two variables are perfectly related

169
Q

What is a small correlation and what does it mean?

A

+/-.20 to +/- .29

AKA weakly related

170
Q

What is a medium correlation and what does it mean?

A

+/- .30 to +/- .49

Moderately related

171
Q

What is a large correlation and what does it mean?

A

+/- .50 or larger

Strongly related

172
Q

What correlation is it usually impossible to get and which one is mostly found

A

Impossible–> +/-1.00

Mist found are +/- .70 and +/-.15

173
Q

Does correlation and its relationship between two or more variables imply cause and effect

A

No, it’s simply means that as one variable changes so does the other

174
Q

What does the number portion of the correlation coefficient indicate

A
  1. It indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.
  2. The closer the number is to (+/-) one the more strongly related the variables are
  3. And the more predictable changes in one variable will be as the other variable changes
  4. A zero correlation coefficient means that the variables are not related to one another at all
175
Q

The variables in a positive correlation move in the

A

Same direction

176
Q

The variables in a negative correlation move in the

A

Opposite direction

177
Q

What kind of value do correlations have

A

A predictive value

178
Q

Obedience is

A

The tendency to conform to those in authority

179
Q

What was the Milgram’s study

A
  • A set of studies performed by Stanley Milgram in 1974

- he observed the extent to which people would obey someone in authority even to the extent of causing harm to others

180
Q

What stemmed Milgram’s interest in obedience and harm

A

His desire to understand the Holocaust during world war II

181
Q

What was the role of the teacher and the learner in the Milgram study

A
  1. The teacher deliver the shocks

2. The learner was supposed to receive the shocks

Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions