week 7, GUT

Question 1

What is digestion?

Answer 1

The gastrointestinal process of breaking down food and absorbing its components into the body.

Question 2

What are the three ways energy is delivered into the body?

Answer 2

Lipids (fats), Amino acids (breakdown of proteins) and glucose

Question 3

How is energy stored in the body (3).

Answer 3

Fats, glycogen and proteins.

Question 4

wht are the three phases of energy metabolism?

Answer 4

cephalic phase-prepatory phase, anticipation of food.
absorbative phase: energy in bloodstream.
Fasting phase: unstored energy has been used and organism uses energy reserves.

Question 5

What does insulin have to do with anything?

Answer 5

Insulin is released during Cephalic and absorbative phases, and converts glucose to glycogen, and fat n amino into proteins.

Question 6

What is glucogen?

Answer 6

Glucogen is released in fasting, when insulin is low. this causes gluconeogensis, when protein gets converted to glucose. high glucogon stimulates conversion of fatty acids to ketones. stops storage of fat.

Question 7

Lipostatic theory

Answer 7

theory that every person has a set point for fat, and deviations from this mean ppl eat less or more so they return to the set point, developed bc body weights of adults remain fairly constant (lol, they don’t)

Question 8

glucostatic theory

Answer 8

eating is regulated by blood sugar levels bc our brain needs it.

Question 9

Set point assumption

Answer 9

that after a meal, energy resources hit their set point and then decline, so we get hungry again. incorrect.

Question 10

problems with set point theory

Answer 10

doesn’t account for unpredictable food suppy, obesity, eating disorders, taste, learning, social influences.

Question 11

positive incentive perspective

Answer 11

we eat bc it is anticipated pleasure

Question 12

settling point theory

Answer 12

body weight tends to drift around a natural settling point, the level at which various factors that infleunce body weight achieve an equilibirum, remains stable. so, you can permenently change your body weight, but it has to be a permement change that does it (stopping eating fatty food forever etc).

Question 13

what happens to glucose levels before eating

Answer 13

they drop sharply, and if the meal isn’t served they go back to previous leves.

Question 14

Lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 14

controls lack of eating

Question 15

ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

Answer 15

uncontrolled eating

Question 16

ghrelin

Answer 16

hunger hormone, stimulates eating by singalling hypothalamus

Question 17

prader-willi syndrome

Answer 17

genetic disorder, resulting in insatiable hunger, little or no satiety, and an exceptionally slow metabolism.

Question 18

anorexia nervosa

Answer 18

healththreateningweight loss, distorted body image. In ~4% of cases, complications from starvation result in death, and there is a high rate of suicide.

Question 19

Bullimia nervosa

Answer 19

periods of not eating interrupted by bingeingfollowed by efforts to immediately eliminate the consumed calories from the body by voluntary purging or by extreme exercise. Bulimia sufferers may be obese or of normal weight. If they are underweight, they are diagnosed with binge-eating/purging anorexia. The mortality rate is ~4%.