Week 5 Sleep!

Question 1

Tell me the sleep cycle during the night.

Answer 1

You begin at initial stage 1 NREM and then plunge through stage 2 sleep into Slow wave sleep (3NRM). Then we go back up to a short burst of rem, and down again. We continue to go up and down, the REM getting a bit longer each time until the morning, where it is at its largest. Then, instead of going back down, we wake up.

Question 2

What are the stages of sleep.

Answer 2

Okay, so there is REM sleep, and Initial Stage 1 NREM, Stage 2 NREM and Stage 3 NREM

Question 3

What sleep stage are delta waves involved in

Answer 3

Stage 3 (SWS)

Question 4

what are Infradian rhythm

Answer 4

mini cycles throughout 24 hours, such as REM sleep.

Question 5

Ultradian Rhythm

Answer 5

Cycles that take place over longer than 24 hours, such as your heartbeat.

Question 6

Circadian rhythm

Answer 6

A circadian rhythm is a natural, internal process that regulates the sleep–wake cycle and repeats on each rotation of the Earth roughly every 24 hours. It can refer to any biological process that goes whee every 24 hours. Inner clock, resistant to environmental changes.

Question 7

What is a Phase delay

Answer 7

Doing somthing that will push back the rhythms (like going to bed later)

Question 8

What is a Phase advance

Answer 8

Doing something to push forward the rhythms (like waking up earlier)

Question 9

What and where is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).

Answer 9

Essentially, it is a brain clock! Small nucleus in the hypothalamus. At different times of the day, clock genes7 in the SCN send signals to regulate activity throughout the body. Highly sensitive to light.

Question 10

What % of australians suffer from a sleep disorder?

Answer 10

10%, 65% of shiftworkers!

Question 11

measuring sleep–what are our options?

Answer 11

EEG machines, non invasive, easy! first used decades ago. Affordable, but only structural information.
MEG machines provide more detail than EEG, but a lot more hastle
FMRI and PET machines are ok, FMRI most detail out of all. Lot of hastle though

Question 12

How was REM sleep discovered?

Answer 12

found that when children fell asleep during cognitive testing that rapid darting eye movements seemed to occur under when they drifted off to sleep. Later experimentation found that this did occur during sleep and that upon waking, people would recall dreams on about 80% of occasions. This was very contraversial. Challenged the assumption that sleep was a passive, unitary state. Strong support for advocates of the biological basis of behaviour.

Question 13

How long do we spend in REM sleep?

Answer 13

80-110 minutes at a time, becoming longer as night progresses.

Question 14

types of EEG waveforms and what stages of sleep they are

Answer 14

Beta waves: greater than 14 Hz per second. Awake.
Alpha: 8-1 Hz. Relaxing.
Theta: 4-7 Hz. Light sleep (stage 1 and 2)
Delta: less than 4 hrtz. Deep sleep. (stage 3)

Question 15

What does polysomgraphy measure?

Answer 15

Brain activity, eye movement, muscle movement, heart rhythm in order to track what stages of sleep an individual is in.

Question 16

REM sleep disorder

Answer 16

When someone has damage to the pontine area of brainstem and acts out their dream

Question 17

How does sleep develop with ontogeny?

Answer 17

We sleep the most at the youngest, and less as we age. in old age, Total sleep time is shorter. Sleep is more fragmented. There is less SWS, and less REM sleep. Report dreaming less.

Question 18

The two things we can say for sure affect sleep

Answer 18

Learning things (task aquisition etc) and excersize.

Question 19

Sleep deprivation in humans.

Answer 19

Obviously, we die if we don’t get enough sleep. Sure. However, if we catch it before death, we actually recover really well and fast! no lasting damage, just have a big ol sleep after. People who don’t sleep well consistently report being in a bad mood, don’t perform well on attention based tasks

Question 20

Melatonin

Answer 20

Chronobiotic. Pineal hormone regulted by SCN. If its taken in small doses, it can help in regulating the clock.

Question 21

So, What about sleeping pills?

Answer 21

BAD. Nasty, addictive. Most are benzodiazapenes. binds to GABBA receptors
-Rebound insomnia: after withdrawal, your insomnia will be 3 times worse than when you started. (hence dependency)
-Early morning Insomnia: if pill only effects you benig able to get off to sleep, you might struggle to stay asleep.
Sleep structure:
Less SWS and REM, More stage 1 and 2 sleep.
ppl become tolerant fast and then take more.

Question 22

Zolpidem (Stilnox)

Answer 22

short acting non benzodiazapene that still acts like normal and binds to GABBA receptors. Huge amount of side effects, like a massive crazy list. How many do they need to have before its considered unsafe!!!!

Question 23

Insomnia vs Hypersomnia

Answer 23

INSOMNIA: difficulty falling asleep, frequenty awakening, early morning awakening, lack of sleep.

• short term or transient insomnia (one to several nights)
• Long term insomnia; months
• idiopathic insomnia: had for whole life.

HYPERSOMNIA: ppl who cant stop themsleves from sleeping. ‘excessive daytime sleep.’

Question 24

Primary insomnia:

Answer 24

when insomnia ocurs and can’t be accounted for by anything else. Essentially, the insomnia is self replicating. This makes treatment tricky, like drug therapy, cognitive behavioural intervention.

Question 25

Narcolepsy:

Answer 25

REM sleep timing disorder. Symptoms are EDS, cataplexy, Emotional triggers. Treatments for narcolepsy are antidepressants in order to improve seratonin uptake.

Question 26

Parasomnia/disorders of arousal.

Answer 26

they all around tranistioning from sleep to wake. Sleep walkers, sleep talking, sleep terrors, little to no recall on awakening.