Week 7 - Family. Peers Flashcards
family dynamics
how family members interact through various relationships
family structure
number of people and the structural relationships among the people living in a household
3 ways family dynamics influence child development
- parenting
- child’s influence on parenting
- sibling relationships
parenting
act of raining a child
process of promoting and supporting physical, emotion, social and intellectual dev of a child from infancy to adulthood
socializiation
process of which children acquire values and standards
skills and knowledge
process of developing social skills
discipline
set of strategies that parent use to teach their children how to behave appropriately
most effective when it results in internalization
done through other oriented induction
internazliation
discipline is most effective when it leads to a permanent change in the child’s behaviour because the child has accepted and learned the reasons for the preferred behaviour
other oriented induction
reasoning that focuses on the effects of behaviour on another person
ie, hitting a friend (what other child is feeling - promotes empathy)
punishment
type of discipline
negative stimulus that follows a behaviour to reduce the likelihood that it will occur again
*does not teach the child how to behave in the future
ie, too harsh (not effective, lead to fear
important dimensions of parenting styles
- degree of parental warmth (affection) and responsiveness
- control or demandingness
authoritarian parenting style
high in demand and in control, low in warmth (military style - bc i said so)
- set many rules
- offer few explanation’s
- little sensitivity to child’s needs
- use threats and punishments
authoritative parenting
high in control and high in warmth
- set clear boundaries
- high warmth, explain rules
- not restrictive
- supervision
-setting limits
*best type of parenting! good social dev on kids
uninvolved parenting
low in warmth and low in control
- do what you want, i don’t care
- few rules
- disengaged
- do not support
*kids struggle with peer relationships
*can lead to anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviour
permissive parenting
high in warmth, low in control
- overly lenient
- do not set boundaries
- social probs
- misbehave in school
child influence on parenting style
reactivity of the child determines outcome of parenting (differential susceptibility to different factors )
- lead to coercive cycles (viscous)
- lead to positive cycles
differential susceptibility to different factors
individuals thought to be “vulnerable” are not only sensitive to negative environments, but also to positive environments
sibling relationships positive effects
companion
caregiver
social support
aid/each
interpretation
identity formation
sibling relationships negative effects
competition
conflict
bronfenbrenners bioecological model
model helps us understand how human development is influenced by multiple interconnected systems
treats the childs environment as a set of nested structures
bronfenbrenners bioecological model interconnected
all interconnected, therefore change in one affects another
wide network
microsytem
immediate environment in which child directly participates (family, school, clubs. the nature of all relationships is bidirectional (influence from both sides)
mesosystem
the interconnections between microsystems
supportive relations among the contexts can benefit the child
exosystem
the environment that the child is not directly part of but can be influenced by (parents workplace, parental leave)
macrosystem
the norms, values, laws and general beliefs of the larger society and culture/ social class
chronosystem
historical changed affecting the other systems such as beliefs, values, customs, family structure etc
dyadic level
friendships
group level
peer status
friendship
contributes to social, emotional and cognitive dev
friendship 2 years
parallel play
imitation
friendship 5 years
cooperative play
fight more
7 years friendship
based on shared interests and activities
10 years friendship
ased on emotional support
self disclosure & intimacy
peer status
position that one has within a peer group
likeable (sociometric popularity)
liked by many peers and disliked by few
exhibit mostly prosocial behaviours
perceived popular
children engage in a mixture of prosocial and antisocial traits
- can be nice
- can be intimidating
- can show relational aggression
contra-versional peer status
“popular kids”
liked by a few and disliked by quite a few
neglected peer status
infrequently mentioned as either liked or disliked (unnoticed by peers)
not socially incompetent
rejected peer status
liked by few peers and disliked by many peers
types of rejected children
aggressive rejected (40-50%
withdrawn rejected (10-25%)
cyberball game
used to examine social exclusion
- lower self esteem and anger when excluded
- used for FMRI brain studies to examine neural activation patterns following exclusion
chronic peer rejection study
chronically rejected
- stronger neural responses than stably accepted
