Week 1 - Chapter 5 Flashcards
Sensation
the processing of information from the external world by receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, and brain)
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events, and spatial layout of the world around us
Preferential looking
distinguishes if young children can see the difference between a blank screen and a screen with something on it
Habituation
Repeating a particular stimulus until the infant habituates, that is, until their response declines
What does the preferential-looking method enable researchers to assess?
Visual acuity, to determine how clearly infants can see.
ie, simple patterns and a solid gray field
Why do infants prefer to look at patterns of high visual contrast (i.e., black and white checkers?)
Because young infants have poor contrast sensitivity & can only detect a pattern when it is composed of highly contrasting elements
At what age does color vision become similar to adults in infants?
2 months
When do infants begin to develop better visual acuity?
Recognizing patterns and faces by 2-3 months.
What type of perception allows infants to perceive how far objects are
depth perception
By 6-12 months, infants use depth perception to navigate the environment, as demonstrated by the visual cliff experiment
Object permanence
when an object is out of sight, it is out of mind for young children (age 8 months old
What experience may benefit object permanence development
crawling
Violation-of-expectancy procedure
A procedure used to study infant cognition in which they are shown an event that should evoke surprise or goes against the infant’s knowledge
Infants look __ at the location of surprising or impossible events
Infants look ___ at the location of expected events
longer
less
Auditory perception
hearing
Well-developed compared to the visual system
Auditory localization
Orienting towards where a sound came from
improves during infancy
intermodal perception *multimodal peception
combining information from two two or more sensory systems
what is faster habituation during infancy predictive of
higher IQ in adulthood
classical conditioning
Conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) - Such as a bell preceded the unconditioned stimulus alone UCS - such as food until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the innate conditioned response CR (such as salivation in a dog)
What happens before conditioning?
Food (UCS) → Pleasure (UCR)
Before conditioning, food automatically causes pleasure (unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
What happens during conditioning?
food (UCS) + Caregiver (NS) → Pleasure (UCR)
During conditioning, food (unconditioned stimulus) is paired with the caregiver (neutral stimulus), and the infant experiences pleasure (unconditioned response)
Each time the caregiver is present, food is also given, and the baby experiences pleasure..
What happens after conditioning?
Caregiver (CS) → Pleasure (CR)
After conditioning, the caregiver (now a conditioned stimulus) alone elicits pleasure (conditioned response).
Each time the caregiver is present, food is also given, and the baby experiences pleasure.
Instrumental conditioning
how consequences lead to changes in voluntary behavior
Instrumental conditioning 2 components
reinforcement and punishment
add or remove
statistical learning
detecting statistically predictable patterns and learning patterns of events through repeated exposure to those patterns
*already present in newborns
goldilocks effect
refers to children’s tendency to focus on events that are not too easy or too hard, but just right for their development.
Children engage with tasks that challenge them enough to foster learning without being overly difficult or too sim
statistical learning example: bath
Before learning: indifferent to bath time
After learning: Infant knows that the sound of running water precedes bath time
Rational learning
Ability to use prior experiences to predict what will happen in the future
active learning
learning by actively engaging with the world, rather than passively observing objects and events
learning by experimentation and hypothesis testings
example of active learning
learning about gravity
observational learning and imitation
Infants do not just imitate - they infer the intention of others and imitate the goal rather than the action
observational learning
learning by watching other people (social ,learnig)
what type of learning do infants have NO expectation before learning
habituation
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
statistical learning
0.5 observational learning
what type of learning do infants have expectation before learning
rational
active
0.5 observational
What type of vision emerges at about 4 months
binocular vision and the ability to identify object boundaries (object segregation)
What type of vision emerges at about 7 months
infants are sensitive to a variety of monocular, or pictorial depth cues
What do experts believe that is contrary to piagets beliefs
that young infants can remember objects that are no longer visible
How does motor development proceed in infants
through a series of motor milestones, starting with newborn reflexes
A researcher presents an infant with 2 objects. To determine whether the infant can discriminate between the objects and favours one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spend looking at each other. What experimental technique is this?
preferential looking technique
the understanding that two objects are separate, even when touching is referred to as
object segregation
one month old is shown.
small cube close to her and a large cube far from her.
B/c different distances, she appears them to be the same size. Bellas actions indicate that she knows the second cube is larger, signifying that she has
perceptual constancy
an infants ability to follow the path of a moving object is a demonstration of
smooth pursuit eye movement
why do young infants have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?
b/c young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.
the tendancy of an infant to look longer at a similing face that is paired with a happy voice is an indication of that infants
intermodal perception
5 week old jamal is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side he was touched. he is displaying
the rooting reflex
priya is 2 months old. She wants to get her hands on the rattle that is lying next to her, however, all she can do is make very clumsy swiping movements in the general vicinity of the toy. Her movements are known as
pre-reaching motions
7 month old trevor has learned that small round objects can be rolled across a flat surface. trevors discovery is an example of which developmental learning process?
affordances
5 month old kenji is in his crib. his mother hides out of view and pop and yells “boo”. he squeals, but after his mother repeats it a few times his excitement dissipates. His response is an example of
habituation
infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible event than at a possible event: example of?
violation of expectancy rule
2 year old jayden attempts to put her foot inside a toy car that is too small. she is making what type of error
scale error
how does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants?
infants are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events
active learning
engaged, hands on learning
affordances
opportunities for action in the environment
Auditory Localization:
Identifying sound direction.
Binocular Disparity:
Difference in images from two eyes.
Cone Cells
photoreceptor cells in the retina that help detect color and fine detail.
Monocular Depth or Pictorial Cues:
Depth perception with one eye (e.g., size, overlap).
optical expansion
Objects appear larger as they approach
perceptual constancy
Recognizing objects as constant despite changes.
perceptual narrowing
Focus on specific stimuli with age or experience.
pre reaching movement
Early, uncoordinated arm movements before actual reaching.
rotational learning
Learning to adjust to rotations or changes in spatial orientation
reflex
Involuntary, automatic response to stimuli.
scale error
: Mistaking the size of objects, often seen in young children (e.g., trying to sit in a tiny toy car).
grasp error
Mistakes in gripping or holding an object, often due to incorrect hand positioning.
self location
Awareness of one’s position in space.
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement:
Eyes smoothly following a moving object.
stepping reflex
infant reflex where they move their legs as if walking when held upright.
stereopsis
Depth perception from the slight difference between the images seen by both eyes.
