Week 5 - Intelligence Flashcards
Fluid intelligence
problem solving
logical reasoning
pattern recognition
crystallized intelligence
knowledge and facts
Intelligence as a single trait
some researchers argue that intelligence is a general cognitive ability (referred to as ‘g’ for general intelligence that underlies all intellectual tasks.
intelligence as a few basic abilities
others suggest that intelligence consists of distinct yet correlated abilities such as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
intellect is composed of seven primary mental abilities
- word fluency
- verbal meaning
- reasoning
- spatial visualization
- numbering
- rote memory
- perceptual speed
word fluency
The ability to quickly generate words (e.g., writing, speaking).
verbal meaning
Understanding and defining words.
reasoning
Logical thinking and problem-solving.
spatial visualization
Understanding spatial relationships and mental rotation.
numbering
Mathematical ability and numerical reasoning.
rote memory
Ability to recall information from memory.
perceptual speed
Quickly recognizing patterns and details.
trade off between viewing intelligence as composed of seven primary mental abilities as opposed to crystallized and fluid intelligence is
simplicity vs precision
John Carroll’s Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence,
attempt to integrate different perspectives on intelligence by organizing cognitive abilities into three levels
Stratum III (Top Level):
A single general intelligence factor (g) governs all cognitive abilities
Stratum II (Middle Level):
Broad abilities that group different cognitive skills.
Stratum I (Bottom Level):
Specific cognitive processes under each broad ability. For example, under fluid intelligence, there might be skills like pattern recognition and logical reasoning.
how does Carroll’s model successfully blends different views of intelligence
- acknowledges a general intelligence factor (g) at the top (like Spearman).
- identifies broad abilities (similar to Cattell’s fluid and crystallized intelligence).
- incorporates specific processes (like Thurstone’s primary mental abilities).
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC):
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS):
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC):
Designed for children aged 6 and older.
Evaluates general intelligence and specific cognitive abilities.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS):
Used for individuals 16 years and older.
Measures verbal comprehension, working memory, processing speed, and perceptual reasoning.
normal distribution of IQ
norm (way to compare IQ scores, representative of whole population)
Education and Income:
Education is a significant predictor of income, with higher educational attainment generally correlating with higher earnings.
*important factor, it doesn’t tell the whole story of a person’s life success, which can depend on various other factors.
IQ and Income:
Higher IQ scores tend to correlate with higher income, especially among individuals with the same level of education.
Other Predictors of Success:
self discipline
practical intelligence
self discipline
emotional regulation
self control
practical intelligence
reading others intentions
motivating others to work efficiently in teams
what are IQ tests biased by
motivation
ie, give money or candy to someone
biases on IQ
mood
nutrition
competition
dynamic testing
aims to measure a child’s learning potential
test, intervention (ie, instruction & feedback), re-test
*allows you to measure learning overtime
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model
Multiple levels of influence on human development –including intelligence:
*Child
*Immediate environment
*Society
different types of genotype environment interactions
passive effects
evocative effects
active effects
passive effects
influences due to the genetic overlap between parent and child
ie, if parent reads, there will be books around
evocative effects
*reacting
influences that the child has on the environment
ie, child + reacting to dad reading will encourage more reading even if dad is not avid reader
active effects
influences due to the child’s choices ie, reading more
how does family environment influence IQ score
child grows up in high quality family, tend to have higher IQ score
correlation between HOME scores and IQ in adoptive families
often lower, suggesting that both the quality of the family environment and parental IQ play a role in determining the child’s IQ
flynn effect : possible causes of increasing IQ
improved nutrition, better healthy, higher quality education, education is becoming more accessible
greater emphasis on abstract problem solving in education
what type of intelligence does flynn effect affect
fluid intelligence (environmental change) more than crystallized intelligence.
IQ scores and race
Average IQ scores between different racial and ethnic groups do differ
-language biases
-different goals & cultures
-discrimination
-more variability within racial groups than between
spearmen theory state:
we all possess a certain amount of g
higher g = better performance
measuring fluid intelligence
raven’s matrices
working memory (recall)
is there an intelligence gene?
no, thousands of genes providing small interactions to contribute to intelligence
gardner multiple intelligenses
naturalist
spatial
linguists
intra personal
interpersonal
logical mathematical
bodily kinesthetics
musical
gardner theory of multiple intelligences
suggests that intelligence is not a single, unified ability but rather a collection of different types of intelligences that people can excel in.
mutualism
intelligence has a network
ie, reasoning interact with vocabulary and arithmetic
ie, like an ecosystem
development of reading stage 0
learning the alphabet and gaining phonemic awareness
development of reading stage 1
acquiring phonological recoding skills
development of reading stage 2
reading simple material
development of reading stage 3
extracting info by reading
development of reading stage
understanding different perspective
strategy choice process
kids use to choose between two strategies
- visually based retrieval
- phonological recoding
visually based retrieval
visual word - meaning
phonological recoding
visual word - verbal word - meaning
comprehension
to understand reading material, one must form a mental model
comprehension monitoring
metacognitive skill that differentiates good from poor readers at all ages
