Week 7 Exam 2

Question 1

o Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development

Answer 1

 “Operational” comes from Latin operare, meaning “to work”
* Children are buckling down to hard work of thinking!
* Still very concrete & fact-focused
 Task mastery:
* Conservation
* Classification (sorting things into categories and levels)
* Seriation (can understand math and number lines)

Question 2

o Conservation

Answer 2

 Recognition that amount of something remains the same (is conserved) despite changes in its appearance
 Example: One glass is taller than another (but also thinner), so there must be more liquid in it

Question 3

o Classification

Answer 3

 (sorting things into categories and levels)

Question 4

o Seriation

Answer 4

 (can understand math and number lines)

Question 5

o Adverse childhood experience (ACE)

Answer 5

 Stress
 Abuse
 Poverty
 Frequent moves
 Illness, substance use disorder, or incarceration of family member
 Parental conflict
 More
 Four or more ACEs multiply risk of disease (emotional & physical) in adulthood

Question 6

be able to identity two major childhood health problems

Answer 6

childhood obesity and asthma

Question 7

o CHILDHOOD OBESITY

Answer 7

 BMI ABOVE 95TH PERCENTILE FOR AGE (OF U.S. CHILDREN 50 YEARS AGO!)
 In 2016, 18% of children age 6-11 were obese
 It takes a village to raise a normal-weight child. Microsystem, macrosystem, exosystem all matter.
 Interventions must be culturally acceptable

Question 8

o ASTHMA

Answer 8

 1 in 10 5-11 year olds
 Many causes (genetic susceptibility, air pollution, smoking, roaches, mites, carpets, cold air, more)
 “Hygiene hypothesis”
 Rates ↑ as family incomes ↓
 Causes school absences (for more than half of asthmatic children, at least one in past year)

Question 9

 Be able to describe Piaget’s concrete operational stage; identify the three cognitive tasks mastered in this stage.

Answer 9

 “Operational” comes from Latin operare, meaning “to work”
* Children are buckling down to hard work of thinking!
* Still very concrete & fact-focused
 Task mastery:
* Conservation
* Classification (sorting things into categories and levels)
* Seriation (can understand math and number lines)

Question 10

 What is the major difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of learning? Are the two theories complementary or contradictory? (In other words, are the theories stronger when paired, or can only one be true?)

Answer 10

o Piaget
 Children will discover concepts on their own.
o Vygotsky
 In order to learn, children need scaffolded mentoring. Every experience is an educational opportunity.

Question 11

 Be able to explain Angela Duckworth’s “grit” theory of achievement. What are the two traits that, together, make a person “gritty”? Be able to identify one criticism of Duckworth’s theory.

Answer 11

o Passion and perseverance

Question 12

o Industry versus inferiority

Answer 12

 The fourth of Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.

Question 13

o Social comparison

Answer 13

 COMPARING SELF TO OTHERS
 SOCIAL COMPARISON
 ETHNIC IDENTITY & ATTITUDES
 AWARENESS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Question 14

o Resilience

Answer 14

 A process, not a lifelong personality trait
 A positive adaptation to stress and adversity
 Parents’ presence aids resilience
 Faith aids resilience

Question 15

 Be able to identify three major features of self-concept in middle childhood.

Answer 15

o COMPARING SELF TO OTHERS
 SOCIAL COMPARISON
 ETHNIC IDENTITY & ATTITUDES
 AWARENESS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION
o DEVELOPING SELF-ESTEEM
 “THREE BEARS” APPROACH
 Not too much, not too little…”
 PRIDE, SHAME, GUILT DEVELOP
o CONCRETE THINKING → MATERIALISM

Question 16

 Be able to explain the term “adverse childhood experience (ACE)” and to give examples of ACEs. How do ACEs affect adult health? Do the effects of ACEs add up as a person lives through them, or are the effects multiplied?

Answer 16

 Stress
 Abuse
 Poverty
 Frequent moves
 Illness, substance use disorder, or incarceration of family member
 Parental conflict
 More
 Four or more ACEs multiply risk of disease (emotional & physical) in adulthood

Question 17

 What is resilience? What is its relationship to stress? What crucial thing can parents do (if they are able) to build their children’s resilience?

Answer 17

o A process, not a lifelong personality trait
o A positive adaptation to stress and adversity
o Parents’ presence aids resilience
o Faith aids resilience

Question 18

 What type of family structure works best for children?

Answer 18

o Well-functioning families, with a stable-two parent household

Question 19

 Be able to list and describe the two types of popular children.

Answer 19

o FRIENDLY AND PRO-SOCIAL
o HIGH-STATUS

Question 20

 Are most bullies popular or unpopular?

Question 21

 What are the best ways to stop bullying?

Answer 21

o BUILD A CULTURE OF KINDNESS
o ENCOURAGE EMPATHY AMONG BYSTANDERS