Week 4 Exam 1

Question 1

The first 2 yrs

Answer 1

• A stage of rapid physical growth – weight doubles and child will reach half her adult height by 24 months
  o Growth charts track ht and wt by percentiles
  o By 12 months, sleep time will decrease from 15-17 hrs/day (on avg) to 12-13 hours/day

Question 2

Norm

Question 3

Percentile

Question 5

Head-sparing

Answer 5

Preserves brain weight over body wt when calorie intake dips

Question 6

Neuron

Answer 6

specialized nerve cells

Question 7

Axon

Answer 7

sends messages

Question 8

Dendrites

Answer 8

receives messages

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

Spaces. between neurons

Question 10

Cortex

Answer 10

the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.

Question 11

Experience-expectant brain growth

Answer 11

Basic experiences are necessary for the brain to grow normally. All babies’ brains need things to see and hear, objects to manipulate, people to love

Question 12

Experience-dependent brain growth

Answer 12

Human brains are also plastic (can be molded). Neural connections grow in response to experiences that vary by culture.

Question 13

Motor skill

Answer 13

o Gross motor skills
 Sitting, crawling, standing, walking, running
o Fine motor skills
 Lip, tongue, and jaw; then fingers, then toes
 Self-feeding, with hands, then fingers, then utensils at age 2

Question 14

Gross motor skills

Answer 14

Sitting, crawling, standing, walking, running

Question 15

Fine motor skills

Answer 15

 Lip, tongue, and jaw; then fingers, then toes
 Self-feeding, with hands, then fingers, then utensils at age 2

Question 16

Implicit memory

Answer 16

o Non verbal
o Memories stored in parts of the brain that develop first
o Evident by 3 months; effects are lifelong

Question 17

Explicit Memory

Answer 17

o Arises cerebral cortex
o Improves along with language acquisition
o Vocabulary depends on explicit memory

Question 18

Object Permanence

Answer 18

Awareness of object being there even when you can’t see it

Question 19

Naming explosion

Answer 19

Child’s vocab spurts once 50 words are mastered. 21 month olds say 2x as many words (often nouns) as 18 month olds

Question 20

Be able to describe typical weight at 24 months of age, compared to weight at birth.

Answer 20

Weight doubles at 5 months, 1 yr is 22 lbs and 2 yrs is 27

Question 21

Be able to describe typical height at 24 months of age, compared to adult height.

Answer 21

Half of adult height

Question 22

Know the percentage of adult brain weight a) at birth and b) at 24 months.

Answer 22

o 25% of adult weight at birth
o 75% of adult weight at 24 months

Question 23

When calorie intake temporarily decreases, how does “head-sparing” protect the baby?

Answer 23

o By preserving brain weight over body weight

Question 24

Be familiar with the timetables of gross and fine motor skill development (Section 3.2, Tables 3.6 and 3.7 in your textbook).

Answer 24

3.2: muscle control
- supports head - 6-8 wks old
- lifts head and chest when on tummy - 2-5 months
- rolls from tymmy to back - 4-6 months
- sits alone unsupported - 4-8 months
- stands with support - 5-12 months
- without support - 7-17 months
- walks with support - 6-13 months
walks without - 8-17 months

Question 25

Be familiar with the timetables of gross and fine motor skill development (Section 3.2, Tables 3.6 and 3.7 in your textbook).

Answer 25

3.7: Fine motor skill - reaches to grab toy - 6month - bangs objects together - 9 months - transfers objects between hands - 9 months - grasps with two fingers - 12 months - feeds self with fingers - 18 months - tries to use buttons or switches on a toy - 24 months

Question 26

Understand the basic differences between implicit and explicit memory. Why is explicit memory necessary for vocabulary development? (Note: “Implicit” means “understood but not clearly expressed.” “Explicit” means “clearly expressed or stated.”)

Answer 26

Implicit memory o Non verbal o Memories stored in parts of the brain that develop first o Evident by 3 months; effects are lifelong o Explicit memory o Arises cerebral cortex o Improves along with language acquisition o Vocabulary depends on explicit memory

Question 27

Be familiar with the timetable of typical language development in the first two years. See EZMed’s chart of pediatric speech and language milestones, in the Week 4 slides and at https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/pediatric-developmental-milestones-chart-mnemonic

Answer 27

- 3months - coos - 6 months - 6 letter word = babble - 9 months - 9 letter word = imitation - 12 months - 1-2 words - 19 months - 18 words - 2yrs - 2 word phrases - 3 yrs - 3 word phrases - 4 yrs - 4 or more word sentences

Question 28

Recognize the three broad theories of language learning.

Answer 28

o Nativist approach: Babies are born with a genetic “language acquisition device” (LAD), pruned after the sensitive language learning period o We’re genetically programmed to learn our first language and its structure o Noam Chomsky’s linguistic theory o Behavioral approach: Infants need to be taught to use words o B. F. Skinner’s behavioral theory o Interactionist approach: Social impulses foster language learning o Only humans learn language to join the social world o Language learning is more effective from books than from videos

Question 29

* Watch Dr. Patricia Kuhl’s TED talk from beginning to end. Identify the “critical period” during which the babies in Dr. Patricia Kuhl’s study (see the video) were still able to learn to recognize the sounds of (“absorb statistics on”) a second language. What happened when babies in the critical period watched videos in the second language on TV? What happened when slightly older babies were exposed to the second language? What do her findings suggest about babies’ brain development?

Answer 29

Critical period - birth to 7 yrs Watching videos, they couldn’t learn. It was harder for older babies around 1 yr old to learn a second language.