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BIO1OOS > Week 7 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Week 7 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

A
  • Peristalsis involves the contraction of longitudinal muscles
  • Segmentation involves the contraction of circular muscles
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2
Q

Why is the oral cavity line with stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Allows it to withstand friction and abrasion of eating

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3
Q

How do the lips and cheeks aid in the mastication of food?

A

Help keep food in between the teeth as we chew

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4
Q

Differentiate between the hard and soft palate of the mouth

A
  • Hard palate - forms a hard surface which food can be forced against when chewing.
  • Soft palate - closes of the nasal passages during swallowing
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5
Q

What accessory organ of the mouth is used in the process of mastication?

A

Teeth

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6
Q

What is bolus?

A

Is the mixture of food and saliva that forms during chewing

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7
Q

What kind of muscle is the tongue made of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the tongue?

A
  • Speech

* Taste

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9
Q

What role does saliva play in the digestive processes of the mouth?

A
  • Contains enzymes that begin the break down of starch
  • Helps moisten food and create bolus
  • Cleanses the mouth
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10
Q

What two regions of the pharynx are involved in digestive system activity?

A
  • Nasopharynx - N/A
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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11
Q

What are the 4 steps associated with digestion in the mouth?

A

1) ingestion
2) chemical digestion - amylase
3) mechanical digestion - teeth
4) swallowing of food into the pharynx

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12
Q

What are the two phases associated with swallowing?

A
  • Buccal - voluntarily pushing food into pharynx

* Pharyngeal / oesophageal - involuntarily swallowing of food into the oesophagus.

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13
Q

Describe the basic function of the stomach

A
  • Intake of food from the oesophagus
  • Temporary storage of food
  • Digestion of food via enzymes and mechanical digestion
  • Moves chyme into the duodenum
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14
Q

What separates the stomach from the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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15
Q

What cells make up the gastric glands? What are their functions?

A
  • Parietal cells - Secrete HCl
  • Mucous neck cells - unkown
  • Chief cells - secrete lipases
  • Enteroendocrine cells - secrete hormones that aid in digestion
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16
Q

Name the three phases of gastric secretion

A
  • Cephalic phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
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17
Q

What is the stimulus for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

• Sight, taste, thought or smell of food

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the cephalic phase of gatric secretion?

A

To prepare the stomach for the arrival of the bolus

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19
Q

What initiates the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A

Neural and hormonal stimuli that occurs once the food has entered the stomach

20
Q

What initiates the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?

A

The low pH of the duodenum as chyme enters small intestines

21
Q

What is chyme?

A

Is the fluid that passes form the stomach into the small intestines, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food

22
Q

What is the purpose of the intestinal phase of gatric secretion?

A

To secrete more gastric to have a brief effect and then to inhibit the secretion of gastric juices.

23
Q

What are the three different contractile activities of the stomach? Exlpain

A
  • Propulsion -peristaltic contraction that move contents towards the pylorus
  • Grinding - Mixing of the stomach contents
  • Retropulsion - Delivers small amount of chyme into the duodenum.
24
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

The liver produces bile

25
Q

Where does bile enter the GI tract?

A

duodenum

26
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile produced from the liver that is not immediately needed

27
Q

What role does bile play in the digestive process?

A

emulsifies fats

28
Q

Where is pancreatic juices secreted?

A

duodenum

29
Q

What gives pancreatic juices its alkaline pH and what is its function?

A

Bicarbonate ions which help the neutralise the acidic contents of the stomach as it enters the duodenum.

30
Q

Amylases break down ________?

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

Proteases break down _________?

A

Proteins

32
Q

Lipases break down __________?

A

Lipids

33
Q

Nucleases break down __________?

A

Nucleic acids

34
Q

Name the three sections of the small intestines

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
35
Q

What separates the small and large intestines?

A

ileocecal valve

36
Q

What are the 4 layers of the small intestines and their respective function

A
  • Serosa - secrete serous fluids
  • Muscularis externa - segmentation and peristalsis
  • Submucosa - supports mucosa and binds the mucosa to the underlying smooth muscle
  • Mucosa - secretes digestive enzymes
37
Q

What are the three structural modification in the small intestines that increase absoprtion in the small intestines?

A
  • Circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa
  • Villi - increase SA
  • Microvill - Increase SA and contain brush border enzymes
38
Q

What region of the GI tract is responsible for the majority of absorption?

A

Small intestines

39
Q

What is the function of segmentation in the small intestines?

A

Ensures that the chyme is thoroughly mixed so that maximum absorption can take place.

40
Q

What do chief cells release?

A

pepsinogen

41
Q

What do parietal cells release?

A

HCl

42
Q

What activates pepsinogen to _______?

A

HCl activates it to pepsin

43
Q

What molecules does pepsin act on?

A

proteins

44
Q

During the absorptive state ______ exceeds ______?

A

Anabolism exceeds catobolism

45
Q

During the Post-absorptive state ______ exceeds _____?

A

Catabolism exceeds anabolism

46
Q

What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

47
Q

What cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

BIO1OOS (12 decks)

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