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BIO1OOS > Week 2 - Tissues and blood > Flashcards

Week 2 - Tissues and blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of epithelial tissue?

A 
Epithelial tissue line body surfaces and cavities and thus are involved in:
• Protection
• Absorption
• Secretion
• Sensation
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2
Q

List and describe the functional significance of the 5 main characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

1) Specialized contacts - helps cells fits together to form continuous sheets
2) Supported by connective tissue - help resist stretching and tearing and enables blood supply
3) Avascular & Innervated - prevents excessive bleeding and enables sensation
4) Regeneration - to withstand abrasion
5) Polar cells - Apical and basal surface to allow for specialized functions (absorption).

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3
Q

What are the two ways that epithelia can be classified?

A
  • Number of layers (simple, stratified)

* Cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

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4
Q

Give an example of where simple squamous epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Sites where rapid exchange is required - Alveolar of the lungs

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5
Q

Give an example of where simple cuboidal epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Kidney tubules

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6
Q

Give an example of where simple columnar epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Digestive tract

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7
Q

Give an example of where pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Trachea and upper respiratory tract

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8
Q

Give an example of where stratified squamous epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Skin, mouth & vagina

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9
Q

Give an example of where stratified cuboidal epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Sweat, saliva and mammary glands

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10
Q

Give an example of where stratified columnar epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

male urethra and some glandular ducts

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11
Q

Give an example of where transitional epithelial cells may be found in the body

A

Bladder

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12
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream, whereas endocrine glands secrete into ducts that lead lead to the target tissue.

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13
Q

Distinguish between unicellular and multicellular glandular epithelium giving an example for each.

A

Unicellar are single scattered cells (eg. golbet cells), whereas multicellar(eg. sweat, sebaceous glands) contain multiple cells.

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14
Q

Are endocrine or exocrine glands ductless?

A

endocrine

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15
Q

What is the function endocrine glands?

A

Secrete hormones into the extracellular space and subsequently the bloodstream via exocytosis.

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16
Q

What is the function of exocrine glands?

A

Secrete products onto the skin or into body cavities.

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17
Q

What is the difference between a simple and compound gland?

A
  • Simple - unbranched duct

* Compound - branched duct

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18
Q

What is the difference between a alveolar and tubular duct?

A
  • Tubular - secretory cells form tubular structures

* Alveolar - secretory cells form a sac like structure

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19
Q

What are the three basic components of connective tissue?

A
  • Specialised cells
  • Ground substance
  • Fibers
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20
Q

Describe ground substance

A

Its a clear viscous fluid that fills the space between the cells and fibers

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21
Q

Distinguish between the structure and function of the 3 different connective tissue fibers

A
  • Collagen - hard and fibrous to provide strength
  • Elastic - long and thin which allows them to stretch and recoil to allow for elasticity
  • Reticular - short and fine to act as a supporting mesh
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22
Q

Distinguish between the suffix -blast and -cyte when referring to cells of the connective tissue.

A
  • Blast (immature) - actively proliferating cells that secrete ground substance and fibers
  • Cytes (mature) - maintain the health of the matrix
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23
Q

Name some other cell types found in connective tissue

A
  • Macrophages
  • White blood cells
  • Fat cells
  • Mast cells
24
Q

What do mast cells secrete?

A
  • Histamine

* Heparin

25
Q

List the 4 main categories of connective tissue and their respective sub types

A
  • Connective tissue proper
    * Dense CT
    * Dense regular
    * Dense irregular
    * Elastic
    * Loose CT
    * Areolar
    * Adipose
    * Reticular
  • Blood
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
    * Hyaline
    * Fibro
    * Elastic
26
Q 
Areolar connective tissue
 • Ground substance:
 • Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Ground substance: Majority if it ground substance
  • Fibres All three (collagen, elastin, reticular)
  • Cells: Fibroblasts, leukocytes
  • Function: Holds organs in place, attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue and acts as a reservoir for nutrients, water and salts
  • Location: located in the skin and binds the outer layer ofthe skin to the muscles beneath.
27
Q 
Adipose connective tissue
 • Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: reticular
  • Cells: adipocytes, leukocytes, fibroblasts
  • Function: Stores fat, cushions and insulates the body
  • Location: Subcutaneous tissue
28
Q 
Reticular connective tissue
 • Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: reticular
  • Cells: fibroblasts, leukocytes
  • Function: Internal framework that can support immune cells.
  • Location: Internal frameworks such as spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
29
Q 
Dense regular connective tissue
 • Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: Collagen
  • Cells: fibroblasts
  • Function: Resist pulling forces in one direction
  • Location: Joints, bone ends and attached to muscles
30
Q 
Dense irregular connective tissue
 • Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: Collagen
  • Cells: Fibroblasts
  • Function: Resists tension in multiple directions
  • Location: Dermis of the skin, deep fascia
31
Q 
Elastic connective tissue
 • Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: elastin + collagen
  • Cells: fibroblasts
  • Function: Allow tissues to recoil after stretching
  • Location: Blood vessel walls, bronchial tubes
32
Q 
Hyaline cartilage
• Fibres: 
 • Cells: 
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: Collagen
  • Cells: chondrocyte
  • Function: Provides support and acts as a shock absorbing pad.
  • Location: joints, epiphyseal plate, ventral ends of ribs
33
Q 
Elastic cartilage
• Fibres: 
 • Cells:
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: Elastin + Collagen
  • Cells: Chondrocytes
  • Function: Maintain shape of structures whilst also maintaining flexibility
  • Location: External ear and epiglottis
34
Q 
Fibrocartilage
• Fibres: 
 • Cells:
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: Collagen (Blend of hyaline and dense regular CT)
  • Cells: Chondrocytes
  • Function: Compressible and act as a cushion
  • Location: Intervertebral discs.
35
Q 
Bone (osseous) tissue
• Fibres: 
 • Cells:
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: Collagen
  • Cells: Osteocytes, Osteoblasts
  • Function: Support and protection, blood cell production and storage
  • Location: Bones
36
Q 
Blood
• Fibres: 
 • Cells:
 • Function: 
 • Location:
A
  • Fibres: None
  • Cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells
  • Function: Delivers nutrients and gases around the body
  • Location: circulatory system
37
Q

Distinguish between the functions of the three different types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal - contract to produce movement
  • Cardiac - contract to pump blood around the body
  • Smooth - changes shape to facilitate body functions.
38
Q 
Skeletal muscles
 • Shape: 
 • Control:
 • Striation:
 • Nucleus:
 • Branched:
A
  • Shape: Long and cylindrical
  • Control: Voluntary
  • Striation: Striated
  • Nucleus: Multinucleated
  • Branched: Unbranched
39
Q

What causes the striated appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles?

A

The regular/repeating arrangement of actin and mysosin filaments.

40
Q

Why aren’t smooth muscles striated?

A

Smooth muscles have a more irregular arrangement of filaments - arranged in sheets instead of bundles

41
Q 
Smooth muscles
 • Shape: 
 • Control:
 • Striation:
 • Nucleus:
 • Branched:
A
  • Shape: Spindles shaped
  • Control: Involuntary
  • Striation: Non-striated
  • Nucleus: Uni nucleated
  • Branched: Unbranched
42
Q 
Cardiac
 • Shape: 
 • Control:
 • Striation:
 • Nucleus:
 • Branched:
A
  • Shape: Branched structures with intercalated discs
  • Control: Involuntary
  • Striation: Striated
  • Nucleus: Uninucleated
  • Branched: Branched
43
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs?

A

They help to synchronize cardiac muscle contraction

44
Q

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglial cells?

A

Neurons are involved in the transmission of neural impulses , whereas neuroglial cells support the neurons and aren’t actually involved in transmission.

45
Q

Describe the structure and function of the different parts of the neuron.

A
  • Dendrites - Carry signals towards the cell body
  • Cell body - Contains the organelles necessary to control the cell
  • Axon Hillock - Region where the nerve impulse is generated
  • Axon - carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
46
Q

What are is the difference between oligodendrocytes and schwann cells?

A

oligodendocytes myelinate axons in the CNS whereas scwann cells myelate axons in the PNS

47
Q

List the basic components of blood and the relative percentages of each

A

1) Plasma (55%)
2) Formed elements (45%)
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

48
Q

List the main components of blood plasma

A
  • Proteins
  • Electrolytes
  • Gases
  • Wastes
  • Nutrients
  • Amino acids
49
Q

What are the important structural features that aid in the function of red blood cells?

A
  • Contain the protein haemoglobin to transport O2 and CO2
  • Biconcave shape to maximize surface area
  • Surface proteins to determine blood type
50
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

• Deliver O2 and remove CO2 from cells

51
Q

What is the most abundant leukocyte?

A

Neutrophile

52
Q

Describe the appearance and function of neutrophiles

A
  • Appearance: Very fine granules with lobulated nucleus

* Function: Phagocytose and destroy foreign particles

53
Q

Describe the appearance and function of eosinophils

A
  • Appearance: Contain granules that stain red

* Function: Multi-cellular parasites, infection and allergic responses.

54
Q

Describe the appearance and function of basophils

A
  • Appearance: Purple stained granules

* Function: Secrete heparin and histamine and thus are involved in inflammatory and allergic responses.

55
Q

Describe the appearance and function of monocytes / macrophages

A
  • Appearance: purple kidney shaped nucleus

* Function: Phagocytosis and antigen presentation

56
Q

Describe the appearance and function of lymphocytes

A
  • Appearance: Large purple nucleus

* Function: Involved in the active and passive immune response

57
Q

Describe the appearance and function of platelets

A
  • Appearance: Small cell fragments

* Function: Prevent excessive bleeding by initiating blood clotting

BIO1OOS (12 decks)

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