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BIO1OOS > Week 12 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Week 12 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q 
Locate the following structures on a diagram:
• Glomerulus
• Glomerular capsule
• Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
• Loop of henle
• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• Collecting ducts
A

N/A

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2
Q

What is the glomerulus ?

A

Is a series of capillaries that allows the flow of blood into the glomerular capsule.

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3
Q

What two components make up the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Glomerulus

* Glomerulus capsule

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4
Q

What are the three components of the renal tubules and their respective functions?

A
  • PCT - Bulk absorption of nutrients and fluids (passive)
  • Loop of henle - concentration and dilution of filtrate
  • DCT - Fine tuned absorption of substances (hormonal)
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5
Q

What are the role of collecting ducts?

A

To receive filtrate from multiple nephrons and transport them to the renal pelvis.

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6
Q

What are the functional units of the kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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7
Q 
What are the different cell types found in:
• Glomerular capsule:
• PCT
• Loop of Henle:
• DCT:
A

• Glomerular capsule:
• Parietal layer - simple squamous that from the
capsule
• Visceral layer - podocytes to allow passage of
filtrate
• PCT - simple cuboidal (increased SA)
• Loop of Henle - simple squamous (water reasbsorption)
• DCT - simple cuboidal

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8
Q

What are the two types of capillaries associated with nephrons and briefly describe them

A
  • Glomerular capillaries - Arise from the afferent arteriole, responsible for producing filtrate from the blood stream
  • Peritubular capillaries - arise from the efferent arterioles and are responsible for reclaiming filtrate back into the blood from the renal tubules.
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9
Q

What is the difference between filtrate and urine?

A

Filtrate is what enters the glomerular capsules from the glomerular capillaries, whereas urine is what is actually secreted from the body.

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10
Q

List the 3 processes performed by nephrons to produce urine

A

1) Glomerular filtration
2) Tubular reabsorption
3) Tubular secretion

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11
Q

Why is glomerular filtration a passive process?

A

Substances move passively into the glomerular capsule due to differences in pressure - moves down the pressure gradient.

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12
Q

Why are large molecules such as blood cells and plasma proteins excluded from the filtrate?

A

The are too large to pass from the capillaries into the glomerular capsule

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13
Q

How is glomerular pressure regulated?

A

The dilation and constriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

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14
Q

Glomerular filtration depends on 3 main pressures. List them and indicate whether they promote or oppose the formation of filtrate

A
  • Glomerular hydrostatic pressure - Promote
  • Capsualr hydrostatic pressure - Oppose
  • Blood colloid osmotic pressure - Oppose
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15
Q

The ascending loop concentrates filtrate and thus is permeable to _______ but is impermeable to ______

A
  • Water

* Solutes

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16
Q

The ascending loop dilutes the filtrate and thus is permeable to _______ but is impermeable to ______

A
  • Solutes

* Water

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17
Q

The reabsorption of filtrate in the PCT is under what kind of control?

A

passive

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18
Q

The reabsorption in the DCT is under what kind of control?

A

hormonal

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19
Q

What hormones are associated with the DCT and what are there functions?

A
  • Aldosterone - promotes sodium reabsorption and thus the reabsorption of water
  • ADH - promotes water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the kidney tubules.
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20
Q

Why is Na+ reabsorption the driving force for water and solute reabsorption.

A

Na+ is the main extracellular ion and this its concentration gradient drives the movement of water and consequently other ions.

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21
Q

Where is the nephron does tubular secretion occur?

A

PCT and DCT

22
Q

Why is tubular secretion important?

A

Allows for the disposing of unwanted waste products and for the regulation of various substances in the body.

23
Q

What structure carried the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

ureters

24
Q

What structure stores urine?

A

bladder

25
Q

What structure carries urine from the bladder to the external environment?

A

urethra

26
Q

Where is the detrusor muscle found

A

middle layer of bladder

27
Q

The internal urethral spincter is composed of _____ muscle and this is under _______ control

A

Smooth, involuntary

28
Q

The external urethral spincter is composed of _____ muscle and this is under _______ control

A

Skeletal, voluntary

29
Q

What triggers micturition

A

The detection of stretch in the bladder as it fills with urine

30
Q

What three things must occur for micturition to occur?

A
  • Detrusor muscle contraction
  • Internal urethral sphincter opens
  • External urethral sphincter opens
31
Q

Why are infants unable to control urination?

A

At this age micturition is purely a spinal reflex
Stretch receptors > Sacral spinal cord > parasympathetic stimulation causes detrusor muscle contraction and the opening of the internal urethral sphincter.

32
Q

What area of the brain stem controls micturition?

A

pons

33
Q

What are the two areas of the pons that participate in micturition and do they inhibit or promote micturition?

A

• Pontine storage centre - inhibits
• Suppresses parasympathetic stimulation and
enhance sympathetic stimulation to internal
urethral sphincter
• Pontine micturition centre - promotes
• Inhibits sympathetic stimulation and enhances
parasympathetic stimulation to the internal
urethral sphincter
• When there is decreased somatic stimulation to
the external urethral sphincter, urination occurs

34
Q

Complete the innervation and nervous system activity for urination to occur:
• Detrusor muscle:
• Internal urethral sphincter:
• External urethral sphincter:

A

• Detrusor muscle: Sympathetic (decreased),
Parasympathetic (increased)
• Internal urethral sphincter: Sympathetic (decreased),
Parasympathetic (increased)
• External urethral sphincter: Somatic (decreased)

35
Q

What intake is used to crudely regulate water levels

A

Thirst

36
Q

What are the three main stimuli for initiating the thirst mechanism?

A
  • Low saliva levels
  • Decreased blood volume / blood pressure
  • Rising plasma osmolarity
37
Q

Where are the osmoreceptors for thirst located?

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

What is the major stimulus for ADH secretion?

A

Changes in blood osmolarity

39
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

40
Q

What area of the of the nephron is targeted by ADH

A

DCT and collecting ducts

41
Q

What is the general mechanism for regulating dehydration with ADH?

A

Dehydration > High blood osmolarity > ADHsecretion from posterior pituitary > Insertion of aquaporins into DCT and collecting ducts

42
Q

Why is it important to maintain the pH of our body fluids?

A

Metabolic processes are dependent on the activity of enzymes which are highly sensitive to changes in pH

43
Q

Where are the majority of acids in the body derived from?

A

Metabolic byproducts

44
Q

What are the three mechanisms that help regulate the pH levels of the body. Compare there rates

A
  • Respiratory mechanisms -Medium
  • Buffer systems - Fast
  • Renal mechanisms - Slow
45
Q

What are the three major buffer systems in the body?

A
  • Protein buffer system - intracullar and extracellular
  • Phosphate buffer system - intracellular
  • Carbonic acid buffer system - extracellular
46
Q

What buffer mechanism regulates plasma pH?

A

Carbonic acid - bicarbonate ion buffer system

47
Q

What is the relationship between carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions?

A

H2CO3 <> HCO3 - + H+

48
Q

What is the relationship between CO2, water and bicarbonate ions

A

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3

49
Q

What receptors detect pH changes and where are the located?

A

Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch, corotid body and medulla.

50
Q

How does the respiratory system respond if the levels of CO2 in the extracellular fluid rise

A

Increases ventilation rate

51
Q

How does the respiratory system respond if the levels of CO2 in the extracellular fluid decline

A

Decrease ventilation rate

52
Q

How do the kidneys help with the long term regulation of blood ph?

A

Secrete H+ and retrieve HCO3-

BIO1OOS (12 decks)

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