Week 1 - The Human Body and Cells Flashcards
What organs make up the integumentary system?
- Skin
* Skin appendages (hair, nails & sweat glands)
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- Physical barrier for protection
- Regulation of body temperature
- Sensation
What organs make up the nervous system?
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
- Sensory receptors
What are the functions of the nervous system?
- To relay sensory information to the CNS
- Processes and interprets sensory information
- Initiate motor functions (voluntary and involuntary)
- (Also responsible consciousness, memory & intelligence)
What organs make up the muscular system?
• Skeletal muscles
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- Movement
- Support
- Posture
- Heat generation
What organs make up the cardiovascular system?
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
- Distributes gases, nutrients and hormones
* Removes waste
What organs make up the digestive system?
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- Digest and absorb nutrients from food and fluids
* Remove undigested food from the body
What organs make up the reproductive system?
Male
• Testes
• Penis
Female
• Ovaries
• Vagina
• Uterus
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
- Produce sperm / oocyte
* Produce sex hormones
What organs make up the respiratory system?
- Oral / Nasal cavity
- Phaynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
- Intercostal muscles
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Site of gas exchange in the body (Absorption of O2 and removal of CO2)
What organs make up the endocrine system?
- Thyroid
- Pituitary gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Hypothalamus
- Gonads
- Pineal gland
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
It's a collection of glands that produces hormones and regulates a variety of body function • Mood • Growth • Metabolism • Sleep
What organs make up the urinary/excretory system?
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
What are the functions of the urinary/excretory system?
- Filter and excrete excess fluid and substances (waste) from bloodstream
- Regulate water, electrolyte and pH balance
What organs make up the skeletal system?
- Bones
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Cartilage
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Movement: attachment site for muscles and ligaments
- Support & Protection
- Storage
- Blood cell production
What organs make up the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph nodes
- Other lymphatic organs (Spleen & tonsils)
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- Returns leaked fluid back into the blood vessels
- Transportation of immune cells
- Cleanse and dispose of debris in the lymp
Define Homeostasis
Is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
Which two organ systems are involved in homeostatic control?
- Nervous system
* Endocrine system
What are the different components of a typical homeostatic feedback loop?
1) Stimulus - produces a change in a variable
2) Receptor - detects change in variable
3) Afferent pathway - movement of signals towards the control centre
4) Control centre - compares to set point and initiates response
5) Efferent pathway - movement of signals away from the control centre
6) Produces response
What is the set point in a homeostatic feedback loop?
It is the level or range that the variable should be between
What is the difference between and positive and negative feedback loop?
Negative feedback mechanisms reduces the initial change produces by the stimulus (eg. body temperature), whereas positive feedback mechanisms amplifies the initial change (eg. blood clotting or childbirth).
Apply body temperature as an example of a negative feedback loop
- S - Body temp increases
- R- Thermometers on skin
- CC - Thermoregualatory centre in brain
- E - Sweat glands
Is positive or negative feedback more common?
Negative feedback as the majority of body processes must be constantly sustained within narrow limits with positive feedback only occurring in specific situations.
Is the regulation of body temperature primarily controlled by the nervous or endocrine system?
Nervous system as sweat glands are exocrine glands that are not associated with the endocrine system.
Is the regulation of child birth contraction primarily controlled by the nervous or endocrine system?
Endocrine system as the release of oxytocin occurs via The pituitary gland which is apart of the endocrine system.
Apply child birth as an example of a positive feedback loop
S - Head of baby pushes on cervix R - stretch receptors CC - hypothalamus E - pituitary glands secrete oxytocin R - oxytocin causes uterine contraction that pushes baby's head against cervix.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
• To protect and separate the intracellular environment from the extraceullar environment and regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What two fluid compartments does the plasma membrane separate?
• Intracellular & Extracellular environment
What is a phospholipid composed of?
- Hydrophobic fatty acid tail
* Hydrophillic phosphate head
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol acts to regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer during temperature extremes.
• Separates phospholipids when cold
• Binds phospholipids when hot
What is the difference between a integral and peripheral protein?
An integral protein is exposed to both the internal and external surface of the plasma membrane, whereas peripheral proteins are only exposed to one side.
Name the different kinds of integral proteins
- Channel
- Carrier
- Receptor
- Cytoskeleton
- Recognition
- Enzyme
Name the three factors that bind cells together
- Specialised cell junctions
- Wavy contours of membrane
- Glycoproteins
What are the three types of specialised cell junctions?
- Desmosomes
- Tight
- Gap
What is the difference between the three specialised jucnctions?
- Tight junctions are impermeable
- Desmosomes are permeable
- Gap junctions allows the passage of substances between adjacent cells
What type of molecules can pass through gap junctions?
Ions, water, simple sugars and other small molecules
What type of tissue are gap junctions typically associated with? Why?
Excitable tissue to allow for ion passage and the synchronization of electrical activity.
