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Human Body > Week 7 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Week 7 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Two main groups of the digestive system

A
  1. alimentary canal - continuous coiled hollow tube
  2. accessory digestive organs
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2
Q

Alimentary Canal

A
  1. mouth
  2. oharynx
  3. oesophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. anus
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3
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A
  1. salivery glands
  2. teeth
  3. pancreas
  4. liver
  5. gall bladder
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4
Q

Phases in the digestive system

A

**1. Ingestion **- the intake of food
**2. digestion **- the breakdown of food into a form usble by the body
3. absorption - the uptake of nutrients into epithelial cells in the digestive tract
4. compaction - the absorption of water and consolidation of indigestible residue into faeces
**5. defecation **- the elimination of faeces

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5
Q

Chemical Digestion

A
  • uses enzymes that breakdown food into their building blocks
  • each major food group uses different enzymes
    1. carbohydrates are broken by amylases to simple sugards mostly glucose
    2. proteins are broken by proteases to amino acids
    3. fats are broken by lipases to fatty acids and alcohols
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6
Q

types of movement

A
  1. peristalsis - involuntary, contraction/relaxation
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7
Q

Processes of the mouth

A
  1. mastication (chewing) of food
  2. mixing masticated food with saliva
  3. initiation of swallowing by the tongue
  4. allowing for the sense of taste
  5. digestion begins…
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8
Q

Mouth Anatomy

A

1. Lips - protect the anterior opening
2. Cheeks - form the lateral walls
3. Hard palate - forms the anterior roof
4. Soft palate - forms posterior roof
5. uvula - fleshly projection of the soft palate
6. Vestibule - space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally
7. oral cavity - area contained by the teeth
8. tongue- atttached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum

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9
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  1. parotid glands (serous)
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. sublingual glands
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10
Q

What is Saliva?

A
  • a mixture of alkaline mucus and serous fluids
  • a solution that moistens the mouth
  • inhibits bacterial growth, dissolves molecules for taste
  • lubricates food and binds particles together for swallowing
  • dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted
  • salivary amylase - digests some starch in food
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11
Q

Classifications of Teeth

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Canines
  3. Premolars
  4. Molars
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12
Q

Regions of a tooth

A
  1. crown - exposed part
  2. neck
  3. root
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13
Q

Crown of tooth

A
  1. outer enamel
  2. dentin
  3. pulp cavity
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14
Q

Neck of tooth

A
  1. Region in contact with the gum
  2. connects crown to root
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15
Q

Root of tooth

A
  1. periodontal membrane attached to the bone
  2. root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves
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16
Q

Pharynx

A
  • serves as a passageway for air and food
  • food is propelled to the oesophagus by 2 muscle layers
17
Q

Oesophagus

A
  • runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
  • conducts food by peristalsis(slow rhythmic squeezing)
  • Passageway for food only
18
Q

Stomach

A
  • located on left side of the abdominal cavity
  • food enters at the cardiac/lower oesophageal sphincter

stomach is the only part of the elementary canal that contains 3 layers of muscles.

19
Q

function of the stomach

A
  1. acts as a storage tank for food
  2. site of food breakdown
  3. chemical breakdwon of protein begins
  4. delivers chyme to the small intestine
  5. produces the hormone gastrin which stimulates stomach secretions and movements
20
Q

Vomiting

A
  1. rapid expulsion of gastruc contents through oraal cavity
  2. controlled by vomiting centre in the medulla
  3. responds to head injury, motion sickness, infection, toxicity, food irritation
  4. closure of nasal passages and the glottis
  5. skeletal muscle contraction increasing intragastric pressure
  6. gastric contents forced into and through the oesophagus
  7. danger of aspiration
21
Q

Enzymes of the intestinal juice

A

1.Intestinal amylases: Sucrase(glucose+fructose), Lactase(glucose+galactose), Maltase(glucose+glucose)
2. fatty acids
3. Aminoacids

22
Q

Liver

A
  1. largest gland in the body
  2. located right side under diaphragm
  3. 4 lobes
  4. connected to the gall bladder via the common hepatic duct
  5. bile
23
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  1. bile production and their role
  2. detoxification of drugs
  3. metabolism of fats, proteins, carbohydrates
  4. storage of glycogen, vitamins, minerals
  5. synthesis of plasma proteins
24
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  1. sac found in hollow fossa of liver
  2. stores bile from the liver
  3. gallstones can cause blockages
25
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A
  1. absorption of water
  2. eliminates indigestible food - faeces
  3. does not participate in digestion of food
  4. goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
  5. bacterial flora
26
Q

Defecation reflex

A
  1. filling of rectum initiates urge to defecate
  2. receptors signal to spinal cord
  3. decreases output to internal anal sphincter

Human Body (5 decks)

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