Week 4 - respiratory system

Question 1

What organs are in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

• larynx
• trachea
• lungs-
  -bronchi
• alveoli

Question 2

Types of respiration

Answer 2

• pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
• external respiration
• gas transport
• internal respiration

Question 3

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 3

movement of air in and out of the lungs

Question 4

external respiration

Answer 4

o2 and co2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

Question 5

gas transport

Answer 5

o2 and co2 in the blood

Question 6

internal respiration

Answer 6

o2 and co2 exchange between systolic blood and tissues

Question 7

the nose functions

Answer 7

-provides an airway for respiration
-moistens and warms the entering of air
-filters and cleans inspired air
-serves as a resonating chamber for speech
-houses olfactory receptors
the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
-moistens air
-traps incoming foreign particles

Question 8

cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavities

Answer 8

-frontal bone
-sphenoid bone
-ethmoid bone
-maxillary bone

Question 9

function of sinuses

Answer 9

1. lighten the skull
2. act as resonance chambers for speech
3. produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Question 10

what is the pharynx?

Answer 10

muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

Question 11

3 regions of the pharynx

Answer 11

1. nasopharynx - superior region behind nasal cavity
2. oropharynx - middle region behind mouth
3. laryngopharynx - inferior region attached to larynx
   the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food

Question 12

Larynx (voice box)

Answer 12

• routes air and food into proper channels
• plays a role in speech
• made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
• epiglottis: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

Question 13

structure of the larynx

Answer 13

thyroid cartilage
- largest hyaline cartilage
- protudes anteriorly (adams apple
Epiglottis
- superior opening of the larynx
- routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
- vocal
- vibrate with expelled air to create sound(speech)
- glottis - opening between vocal cords

Question 14

what is speech?

Answer 14

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis.
speech requires pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity & sinuses to resonate sound

pitch is controlled by tension on vocal folds
-pulled tight produces higher pitch
-male vocal folds are thicker and longer so vibrate more slowly - lower sound

Question 15

respiratory tree subdivisions

Answer 15

air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
- trachea
- primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi (lobar)
- tertiary bronchi (segmental)
-bronchi
-bronchiole
-terminal bronchiole
-respiratory bronchiole

Question 16

what is the trachea? (windpipe)

Answer 16

Connects larynx with bronchi.
Lined with ciliated mucosa.
Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Question 17

What is tracheostomy and intubation?

Answer 17

• re-establishing airflow past an airway obstruction
  -crushing injury to larynx or chest
  -swelling that closes airway
  -vomit or foreign object
• tracheostomy is incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage if larynx is obstructed
• intubation is passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea

Question 18

lungs

Answer 18

• occupy most of the thoracic cavity
• rests of diaphragm

Question 19

mediastinal surface of lungs

Answer 19

• blood vessels & airways enter lungs at hilus
• forms root of lungs
• covered with pleura

Question 20

What is alveoli?

Answer 20

• site of gas exchange
• basement membrane have elastic fibres

Question 21

Types of cells in the alveoli

Answer 21

1. type 1 alveolar cells
2. type 2 alveolar cells (septal cells)
3. alveolar dust cells

Question 22

Type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 22

simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

Question 23

Type 2 alveolae cells (septal cells)

Answer 23

• free surface has microvilli
• secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

Question 24

alveolar dust cells

Answer 24

wandering macrophages remove debris

Question 25

**what is emphysema**

Answer 25

* overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest * symptoms: dyspnea, extreme fatigue * chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis

Question 26

**breathing patterns**

Answer 26

1. eupnea 2. apnea 3. dyspnea 4. tachypnea 5. diaphragmatic breathing 6. costal breathing

Question 27

**Eupnea**

Answer 27

normal quiet breathing

Question 28

**Apnea**

Answer 28

temporary cessation of breathing

Question 29

**dyspnea**

Answer 29

difficult or labored breathing

Question 30

**tachpnea**

Answer 30

rapid breathing

Question 31

**diaphragmatic breathing**

Answer 31

descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration

Question 32

**Costal Breathing**

Answer 32

just rib activity involved

Question 33

**coughing**

Answer 33

deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis & strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passages

Question 34

**Hiccupping**

Answer 34

spasmodic contraction of diaphragm & quick closure of rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound

Question 35

**Co2 Transport in Blood**

Answer 35

carbon dioxide is an important side product of glucose breakdown. represents an end product of metabolism. * most in transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion

Question 36

**role of the respiratory centres**

Answer 36

1. the DORSAL medullary respiratory group - inpiratory 2. the VENTRAL medullary respiratory grouo - expiratory 3. the PNEUMOTAXIC centre and the APNEUSTIC centre in pons - limits inspiration

Question 37

**Respiratory Rate Changes throughout life**

Answer 37

newborns - 40-80rpm infants - 3rpm 5-25 - 25rpm Adults - 12-20 rpm

Question 38

**developmental aspects of the respiratory system**

Answer 38

* lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus * lungs are not fully inflated with air until 2 weeks after birth

Question 39

aging effects

Answer 39

1. elasticity if lungs decreases 2. vital capacity decreases 3. blood oxygen levels decrease 4. stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases 5. more risks of respiratory tract infection