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Human Body > Week 4 - respiratory system > Flashcards

Week 4 - respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What organs are in the respiratory system?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • lungs-
    -bronchi
  • alveoli
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2
Q

Types of respiration

A
  • pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  • external respiration
  • gas transport
  • internal respiration
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3
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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4
Q

external respiration

A

o2 and co2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

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5
Q

gas transport

A

o2 and co2 in the blood

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

o2 and co2 exchange between systolic blood and tissues

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7
Q

the nose functions

A

-provides an airway for respiration
-moistens and warms the entering of air
-filters and cleans inspired air
-serves as a resonating chamber for speech
-houses olfactory receptors
the rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
-moistens air
-traps incoming foreign particles

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8
Q

cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavities

A

-frontal bone
-sphenoid bone
-ethmoid bone
-maxillary bone

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9
Q

function of sinuses

A
  1. lighten the skull
  2. act as resonance chambers for speech
  3. produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
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10
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

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11
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx - superior region behind nasal cavity
  2. oropharynx - middle region behind mouth
  3. laryngopharynx - inferior region attached to larynx
    the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
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12
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A
  • routes air and food into proper channels
  • plays a role in speech
  • made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage
  • epiglottis: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
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13
Q

structure of the larynx

A

thyroid cartilage
- largest hyaline cartilage
- protudes anteriorly (adams apple
Epiglottis
- superior opening of the larynx
- routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
- vocal
- vibrate with expelled air to create sound(speech)
- glottis - opening between vocal cords

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14
Q

what is speech?

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing glottis.
speech requires pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity & sinuses to resonate sound

pitch is controlled by tension on vocal folds
-pulled tight produces higher pitch
-male vocal folds are thicker and longer so vibrate more slowly - lower sound

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15
Q

respiratory tree subdivisions

A

air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
- trachea
- primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi (lobar)
- tertiary bronchi (segmental)
-bronchi
-bronchiole
-terminal bronchiole
-respiratory bronchiole

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16
Q

what is the trachea? (windpipe)

A

Connects larynx with bronchi.
Lined with ciliated mucosa.
Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

17
Q

What is tracheostomy and intubation?

A
  • re-establishing airflow past an airway obstruction
    -crushing injury to larynx or chest
    -swelling that closes airway
    -vomit or foreign object
  • tracheostomy is incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage if larynx is obstructed
  • intubation is passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea
18
Q

lungs

A
  • occupy most of the thoracic cavity
  • rests of diaphragm
19
Q

mediastinal surface of lungs

A
  • blood vessels & airways enter lungs at hilus
  • forms root of lungs
  • covered with pleura
20
Q

What is alveoli?

A
  • site of gas exchange
  • basement membrane have elastic fibres
21
Q

Types of cells in the alveoli

A
  1. type 1 alveolar cells
  2. type 2 alveolar cells (septal cells)
  3. alveolar dust cells
22
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

23
Q

Type 2 alveolae cells (septal cells)

A
  • free surface has microvilli
  • secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant
24
Q

alveolar dust cells

A

wandering macrophages remove debris

25
Q

what is emphysema

A
  • overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
  • symptoms: dyspnea, extreme fatigue
  • chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
26
Q

breathing patterns

A
  1. eupnea
  2. apnea
  3. dyspnea
  4. tachypnea
  5. diaphragmatic breathing
  6. costal breathing
27
Q

Eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

28
Q

Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

29
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

30
Q

tachpnea

A

rapid breathing

31
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

descent of diaphragm causes stomach to bulge during inspiration

32
Q

Costal Breathing

A

just rib activity involved

33
Q

coughing

A

deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis & strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passages

34
Q

Hiccupping

A

spasmodic contraction of diaphragm & quick closure of rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound

35
Q

Co2 Transport in Blood

A

carbon dioxide is an important side product of glucose breakdown. represents an end product of metabolism.
* most in transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion

36
Q

role of the respiratory centres

A
  1. the DORSAL medullary respiratory group - inpiratory
  2. the VENTRAL medullary respiratory grouo - expiratory
  3. the PNEUMOTAXIC centre and the APNEUSTIC centre in pons - limits inspiration
37
Q

Respiratory Rate Changes throughout life

A

newborns - 40-80rpm
infants - 3rpm
5-25 - 25rpm
Adults - 12-20 rpm

38
Q

developmental aspects of the respiratory system

A
  • lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus
  • lungs are not fully inflated with air until 2 weeks after birth
39
Q

aging effects

A
  1. elasticity if lungs decreases
  2. vital capacity decreases
  3. blood oxygen levels decrease
  4. stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases
  5. more risks of respiratory tract infection

Human Body (5 decks)

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