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Anatomy and Neuroscience > Week 7- Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Week 7- Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where do somatic fibres come to and from?

A

Somatic structures such as skin, skeletal muscle and joints

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2
Q

Where do visceral fibres come to and from?

A

Organs

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3
Q

What is the second subgrouping of nerve fibres?

A

General or special

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4
Q

What are classified as a special fibre?

A 
Special senses 
- Vision 
- Hearing
- Taste
- Smell 
Muscles that have developed within pharyngeal arches (most muscles of facial expression and of the head)
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5
Q

What are classified as general fibres?

A

Supply other sense, muscles and glands

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6
Q

What are efferent nerves?

A

Travel to muscles or glands (motor)

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7
Q

Describe the path of General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

A

From CNS to skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Describe the path of General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

A

CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle and glands

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9
Q

Describe the path of Special Visceral Efferents (SVE)

A 
*Brachial Motor* 
Muscles of the face and neck which develop from pharyngeal arches 
- muscles of facial expression 
- mastication 
- inner ear
- stylopharyngeus 
- pharynx
-trapezius 
- sterncheidomastoid

Except tongue and extraoccular muscles

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10
Q

What do afferent nerves carry?

A

Sensory information

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11
Q

Describe the pathway of General Visceral Afferents (GVA)

A

Internal organ receptors to CNS

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12
Q

Describe the pathway of General Somatic Afferents (GSA)

A

Receptors in skin, muscle, joints to CNS

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13
Q

Describe the pathway of Special Somatic Afferents (SSA)

A

Special senses; vision, balance, hearing

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14
Q

Describe the pathway of Special Visceral Afferents (SVA)

A

Special senses; taste and smell

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15
Q

Name the 12 pairs of CNs

A 
Olfactory I
Optic II
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI
Fascial VII
Vestibulocochlear VIII 
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory XI
Hypoglossal  XII
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16
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves?

A

On occasion out trusty truck acts funny very good vehicle any how

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17
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the fibre types of each nerve?

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

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18
Q

What differentiates the olfactory and optic nerves from the rest in terms of origin?

A

Do not have nuclei in the brainstem or emerge from the brainstem. Instead, they carry the sensory info straight to their primary cortical areas

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19
Q

What is a brainstem nuclei?

A

Location in the brainstem where each nerve either starts or ends

*some sensory cranial nerves neurons begin in the same nuclei but their neurons leave and merge together to exit the brainstem as separate nerves.

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20
Q

How do mixed neurons come about?

A

Sensory and motor neurons all group together before exiting the brainstem, therefore looking like one cranial nerve containing a mix of neurons.

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21
Q

What CN number is the olfactory nerve?

A

I

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22
Q

What is the classification of the Olfactory nerve?

A

Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)

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23
Q

How can smells inter the body?

A

Through the nose (orthonasal) or via the oropharynx (retronasal)

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24
Q

What cells form the olfactory nerves?

A

Bipolar cells

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25
Q

Where are the receptors for olfaction located?

A

Imbedded in the nasal mucosa (cribriform of ethmoid bone); beginning of the bipolar cells

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26
Q

What is the name of the point of synapse for olfactory neurons?

A

The glomeruli

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27
Q

Describe the pathway of the olfactory nerve

A

olfactory nerves—> olfactory bulb—> olfactory tract—> olfactory cortex (piriform) and amygdala

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28
Q

What other senses are also forwarded to the olfactory cortex?

A

Taste and visual information

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29
Q

How does smell relate to emotion?

A

Piriform is located near the hippocampus. information is forwarded on to these areas that can trigger emotional responses (amygdala) due to connections with memories

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30
Q

What CN number is the optic nerve?

A

II

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31
Q

What nerve classification are the optic nerve fibres?

A

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

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32
Q

How does the optic nerve leave the orbit?

A

Via the optic canal of the skull

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33
Q

Where does the optic nerve transmit visual information from?

A

The retina

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34
Q

What do optic pathways include?

A
  • Optic nerve

- posterior projections that travel until they synapse to the visual (striate) cortex

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35
Q

What CN number is the oculomotor nerve?

A

III

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36
Q

What classification are the oculomotor nucleus fibres?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

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37
Q

What muscles does the oculomotor nucleus innervate?

A
  • Inferior oblique
  • Superior rectus muscle
  • Inferior rectus muscle
  • Medial rectus muscle
  • Levator palpebrae superioris
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38
Q

What classification are the Edinger Westphal nucleus fibres?

A

General Visceral Efferent

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39
Q

What does the EWN stimulate?

A

Smooth muscle inside the eye

  • Ciliary muscle—> changes lens shape for accommodation
  • Pupillary constrictor muscle—> decreases iris
40
Q

Where do the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse in the EWN?

A

Ciliary ganglion

41
Q

What CN number is the trochlear nerve?

42
Q

What nerve fibres are related to the trochlear nucleus?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

43
Q

What extraoccular eye muscle does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

Superior oblique

44
Q

What CN number is the Abducens nerve?

45
Q

What is unique about the emergence position of the trochlear nerve?

A

Emerges from the back part of the brain stem

46
Q

What classification of nerve fibres are found at the Abducens nucleus?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

47
Q

Where does the Abducens nerve emerge from?

A

At the pons, near pons/medulla junction

48
Q

What extraoccular muscle is innervated by the abducens?

A

Lateral rectus muscle

49
Q

How do III, IV and VI enter the orbit?

A

Through the superior orbital fissure (along with 1st branch of the trigeminal nerve)

50
Q

What CN number is the trigeminal nerve?

51
Q

How does the trigeminal nerve emerge?

A

Emerges from the pons as large sensory branch and smaller motor branch

52
Q

What is the general sensory function of the trigeminal nerve and what are the classification of these fibres?

A

General Somatic Afferent

  • touch
  • pressure
  • temp
  • pain from face
  • scalp
  • meninges
  • gums
  • teeth
  • hard palate
  • proprioception in muscles
53
Q

What are the 3 trigeminal branches and where do they emerge from?

A

V1: Ophthalmic branch
- Superior orbital fissure

V2: Maxillary branch
- Foramen rotudum

V3: Mandibular branch
- Foramen ovale

54
Q

Describe the innervation of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)

A
  • Skin on the nose, upper eye, forehead and scalp
  • Sensation part of dura
  • frontal and ethmoid sinuses
  • Superior nasal mucosa
55
Q

Describe the innervation of the Maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  • Skin on the cheek and up through the temple
  • Sensation part of dura
  • maxillary sinuses
  • posteroinferior nasal mucosa
  • mucosa of upper lip
  • mucosa upper part of oral cavity and teeth
56
Q

Describe the innervation of the mandibular nerve (V3)

A
  • Skin from lower lip, to jaw and up to temple
  • Sensation to ear of auricle, external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane mucosa floor of moth and lower teeth and anterior 2/3 of tongue
57
Q

Where do trigeminal sensory axons synapse?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus: proprioception from muscles of mastication

Main (chief) sensory nucleus: touch and vibration and proprioception from muscles of facial expression

Spinal trigeminal nucleus: pain and temperature

58
Q

What is the nerve fibre classification of the V3 motor neurons and where do these innervate?

A

Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)

  • muscles of mastication
  • tensor tympani (middle ear cavity)
  • tensor veli palatini (soft palate)
  • mylohyoid (mouth floor)
  • anterior belly of digastric (mouth floor)
59
Q

What CN number is the facial nerve?

60
Q

Where does the facial nerve emerge from?

A

Caudal pons

61
Q

What are the 5 main branches of the facial nerve to muscles of facial expression?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Marginal mandibular
  5. Cervical
62
Q

Where does the facial nerve enter via?

A

Internal auditory meatus

63
Q

What are the different nerve fibres within the facial nerve and where do they innervate?

A

Sensory Visceral Afferent: Taste (front of tongue)
General Somatic Afferent: proprioception of muscles and external auditory meatus

Motor (Special Visceral Efferent): muscles of facial expression, stapedius, posterior belly digastric, stylohyoid

Parasympathetic (General Visceral Efferent): glands in nose and palate (mucous), salivary and lacrimal glands

64
Q

Where do sensory axons (GSA) synapse for the facial nerve?

A

Spinal trigeminla nucleus: proprioception of muscles and EAM

65
Q

Where are preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies found? (GVE)

A

Superior salivatory nucleus: glands in nose and palate (mucous), salivary and lacrimal glands

66
Q

Where do sensory taste axons (SVA) synapse?

A

Solitary tract nucleus

67
Q

Where are Somatic Motor neuron (SVE) cell bodies found?

A

Facial motor nucleus

68
Q

GO OVER COURSE OF FACIAL NERVE IN THE LECTURE SLIDES

69
Q

What CN number is the Vestibulocochlear nerve?

70
Q

What classification do the VIII nerve fibres come under?

A

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

71
Q

Where does the VIII nerve emerge from?

A

The brainstem @ pontomedullary junction, entering via the IAM

72
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the VIII nerve?

A
  • Vestibular (balance and equilibrium)—> vestibular nuclei
  • Cochlear (hearing) —> cochlear nuclei
73
Q

What CN number is the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

74
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve emerge from and exit the skull?

A

Emerges from the brainstem @ the medulla

Exits the skull via the jugular foramen

75
Q

Describe the 3 sensory nerve fibres found in the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Special Visceral Afferent: Taste, posterior 1/3 of the tongue

General Somatic Afferent: Sensory posterior 1/3 of tongue., palatine tonsils, oropharynx, pharyngotympanic tube, mastoid air cells and middle ear cavity

General Visceral Afferent: Aortic sinus (baroreceptors) and carotid body (chemoreceptor)

76
Q

Describe the 2 motor nerve fibres found in the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Special Visceral Efferent: Stylopharyngeus muscle

Parasympathetic (General Visceral Efferent): Parotid gland

77
Q

REVISE GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE PATHWAY

78
Q

Describe the synapsing of glossopharyngeal nerves

A

Sensory axons (GSA): spinal trigeminal nucleus

Preganglionic (GVE) parasympathetic cell bodies: inferior salivatory nucleus

Sensory taste axons (SVA): solitary tract nucleus

Motor cell bodies (SVE): nucleus ambiguus

79
Q

What CN number is the Vagus nerve?

80
Q

Where does the Vagus nerve exit the skull?

A

The jugular foramen

81
Q

Name the classifications of the sensory fibres within the vagus nerve, and what they innervate

A

GSA: sensations from laryngopharynx, larynx, oesophagus, skin of outer ear (auricle), EAM and posterior dura

GVA: sensation from thoracic and abdominal organs, aortic arch and aortic body (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors)

SVA: taste from epiglottis

82
Q

Name the classification of the motor fibres within the vagus nerve, and what they innervate

A

SVE: palatoglossus, muscles of layrnx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)

83
Q

Name the classification of the parasympathetic fibres within the vagus nerve, and what they innervate

A

GVE: Smooth muscle and glands in the pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera

84
Q

Describe the synapsing with the brainstem of each subgroup of the vagus nerve

A

Sensory axon (GSA): spinal trigeminal nucleus

Sensory taste (SVA) and Vagal (GVA): solitary tract nucleus

Parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies (GVE): dorsal motor nucleus

Motor cell bodies (SVE): nucleus ambiguus

85
Q

What CN number is the Accessory nerve?

86
Q

Where does the accessory nerve originate?

A

Caudal medulla (cranial) and C1-C5 (spinal)

Spinal roots enter cranium through foramen magnum and they all exit via the jugular foramen

87
Q

What is the classification for the nerve fibres of the accessory nerve?

A

Motor fibres (Sensory Visceral Efferent)

88
Q

What does the accessory nerve innervate?

A

Cranial: some muscles innervated by vagus nerve (still unclear), may innervate soft palate muscles (not TVP)

Spinal: Neck muscles, upper trapezius muscles and sternocleidomastoid

89
Q

Describe where the motor cell bodies of the accessory nerve synapse in the brainstem

A

Nucleus ambiguus and anterior horn or C1-5

90
Q

What is the CN number for the hypoglossal nerve?

91
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve emerge from and where does it exit the skull from?

A

Emerges from the brain stem at the medulla.

Exits the skull via hypoglossal canal

92
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve merge with as it exits the skull?

A

Merges with several branches from the cervical plexus on their way to the hyoid muscles

93
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Innervates all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus

94
Q

What is the classification of the nerve fibres of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

95
Q

Where are the motor cell bodies of the hypoglossal nerve found in the brainstem?

A

Hypoglossal nucleus

Anatomy and Neuroscience (9 decks)

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