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Anatomy and Neuroscience > Gross Anatomy and Organisation of the Brain > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy and Organisation of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Name the neuroglial cells

A
  • Astrocytes (blood brain barrier)
  • Oligodendracytes (produce myelin)
  • Microglial cells (phagocytic)
  • Ependymal cells (secrete CSF)
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2
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites, synaptic terminals

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3
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Axons, mostly myelinated

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4
Q

What is a nuclei?

A

Dense area deep in the brain or brains stem, where there is a collection of cell bodies

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5
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter forming an outer layer

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6
Q

What makes up the cerebrum?

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon

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7
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus

Epithalamus

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8
Q

What makes up the cerebal hemispheres?

A

Lobes:

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Limbic

Insular cortex

basal ganglia structures

other limbic system structures

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9
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey matter overlying white matter covering the corrugated surface of the cerebral hemispheres

  • forms gyri and sulci
  • longitudinal fissure separates left and right sides of the brain into cerebral hemispheres
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10
Q

Where does the insula lie?

A

Deep to the lateral fissure, although no technically considered a cerebral lobe

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11
Q

From a lateral view, what are some major consistent features of the brain (sulci)

A
  • Precentral sulcus
  • Central sulcus
  • Postcentral sulcus
  • Lateral sulcus
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12
Q

From a medial view, what are some major consistent features of the brain (sulci)

A
  • Cingulate sulcus

- Calcarine sulcus

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13
Q

What are commissural fibres and what do they connect?

A

Nerves running between the left and right hemispheres, mainly connecting via the corpus callosum

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14
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Neural fibres running between gyri in the same hemisphere

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15
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Form ascending and descending tracts, to or from cerebral cortex through brainstem and spinal cord

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16
Q

Where is sensory input directed to for initial analysis?

A

Primary cortical region

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17
Q

What is the role of the secondary/association areas?

A

To integrate all the information from numerous sources and make sense of it which contributes to perception

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18
Q

What lobe contains the primary and secondary cortical regions?

A

Frontal Lobe

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19
Q

What features of the brain become c-shaped structures?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Caudate nucleus (basal ganglia structure)
  3. corpus callosum
  4. lateral ventricle
  5. limbic structures
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20
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A
  • Modulates processes associated with hypothalamus such as feeding, endocrine activity, sexual behaviour, and autonomic control
  • affect short term immediate responses to stimuli (e.g. euphoria, happiness, anger)
  • Central regulation of motivation, learning and memory
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21
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Hippocampus
  • Fornix
  • Amygdala
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
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22
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A
  • Group of structures located deep in the cortex and the midbrain
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23
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the hypothalamus

A
  • Only part of diencephalon that can be seen in an intact brain
  • Found on the ventral surface of the cerebrum
  • Inferior and anterior to thalamus
  • Forms lateral wall and floor of 3rd ventricle
  • Divided into left and right halves by 3rd ventricle
24
Q

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain tectum and tegmentum
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
25
What emerges from the brainstem?
- 10 of the 12 cranial nerves - Ascending and descending tracts - descending autonomic pathways - Nuclei that control respiration, cardiovasuclar system function, consciousness, sleep and alertness
26
Name the order of the subsections of the midbrain rostral-> caudal
``` Rostral midbrain caudal midbrain rostral pons caudal pons Rostral medulla caudal medulla ```
27
Describe the position and structure of the cerebellum
- Lies posterior to pons and medulla - Connected to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles - consists of left and right hemispheres - has superficial cortex, white matter and deep nuclei like the cerebrum
28
Describe the function of the cerebellum
- Planning, programming and monitoring of voluntary movement (learned, skill-full movement) - Postural adjustments - Coordination of eye and head movements
29
What is the internal capsule?
White matter located in the inferiomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere
30
What do you think the term prefrontal cortex refers to as distinct from the frontal lobe?
The area covering the anterior part of the frontal love (including gyri), tasked with decision making and behaviour
31
What is the difference between the primary and association areas of each lobe?
Primary: initial analysis for sensory input and easiest motor area to stimulate (controls specific muscles, particularly distal limbs) Association: integration and sense making of sensory input, more planned movement and over all motor output with additional information from cerebellum, basal ganglia and other cerebral areas
32
What is the general function of the frontal lobe?
Cognitive skills; emotional expression, memory, judgement, sexual behaviour
33
What is the general function of the parietal lobe?
Receiving somatosensory input, speech, movement coordination, spacial orientation
34
What is the general function of the occipital lobe?
Sensory input (visual); visual mapping, depth perception, processing visual cues and information
35
What is the general function of the temporal lobe?
Contains limbic lobe; memory recognition, production of speech
36
What does the central sulcus separate?
Parietal lobe from the frontal lobe
37
What does the lateral sulcus separate?
Frontal/parietal from temporal lobe
38
What is the difference between sulci and fissues?
``` Sulci= shallow Fissures= deep (separate lobes) ```
39
What is the role of the precentral gyrus?
Motor commands via primary motor complex
40
What is the role of the postcentral gyrus?
Somatosensory (sensory homunculus)
41
What is hemispheric lateralisation?
Where one side of the brain plays more of an active role and has more neurons dedicated to a particular function than the other side
42
What are the localised functions of the right hemisphere?
- Memory for shapes - Stereogenesis - hearing - musical ability - Recognition of faces and body images
43
What are the localised functions of the left hemisphere?
- verbal memory - mathematical ability - understanding language - speech control (motor)
44
What is Wernicke's area concerned with?
Located in the parietal and temporal lobes - essential for comprehension of spoken language - lesions or damage to this area are characterised by impairment of comprehension and repetition
45
What is Broca's motor speech area?
Located within the frontal lobe | - important for the motor components of speech
46
What synapses in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?
All sensory information apart from olfaction
47
What section can the epithalamus be located?
Midsagittal section
48
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
- Influence the thalamus which provides feedback to the cerebral cortex for initiation and control of motor responses and reduces muscle tone
49
What are the 4 f's referring to the limbic system?
Feeding, fighting, fleeing and fornication
50
What are the cerebral peduncles?
large bundles of myelinated neurons descending from the cerebrum to the brainstem
51
What CNs emerge from the midbrain?
Oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves
52
What CNs emerge from the pons?
Trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)
53
What CNs emerge from the medulla?
Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII)
54
What is the midline vermis?
separation of the left and right cerebellar hemisphere
55
What is the name for the convolutions of the cerebellum?
folia
56
What are the 3 sets of cerebellar peduncles that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
1. Superior cerebellar peduncle - Arises from midbrain underneath the occipital lobes 2. Middle Cerebellar peduncle - Larges peduncle - connects the two sides of the cerebellum through the pons 3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle - joins the cerebellum to the medulla
57
What is the role of the cerebellum?
receive info from the cerebral cortex and proprioreceptors of the trunk and limbs. - Smooth movement - planning and execution of multi joint movement

Anatomy and Neuroscience (9 decks)

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