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Anatomy and Neuroscience > Gross Anatomy and Organisation of the Brain > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy and Organisation of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Name the neuroglial cells

A
  • Astrocytes (blood brain barrier)
  • Oligodendracytes (produce myelin)
  • Microglial cells (phagocytic)
  • Ependymal cells (secrete CSF)
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2
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites, synaptic terminals

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3
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Axons, mostly myelinated

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4
Q

What is a nuclei?

A

Dense area deep in the brain or brains stem, where there is a collection of cell bodies

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5
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter forming an outer layer

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6
Q

What makes up the cerebrum?

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres + diencephalon

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7
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus

Epithalamus

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8
Q

What makes up the cerebal hemispheres?

A

Lobes:

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Limbic

Insular cortex

basal ganglia structures

other limbic system structures

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9
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey matter overlying white matter covering the corrugated surface of the cerebral hemispheres

  • forms gyri and sulci
  • longitudinal fissure separates left and right sides of the brain into cerebral hemispheres
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10
Q

Where does the insula lie?

A

Deep to the lateral fissure, although no technically considered a cerebral lobe

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11
Q

From a lateral view, what are some major consistent features of the brain (sulci)

A
  • Precentral sulcus
  • Central sulcus
  • Postcentral sulcus
  • Lateral sulcus
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12
Q

From a medial view, what are some major consistent features of the brain (sulci)

A
  • Cingulate sulcus

- Calcarine sulcus

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13
Q

What are commissural fibres and what do they connect?

A

Nerves running between the left and right hemispheres, mainly connecting via the corpus callosum

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14
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Neural fibres running between gyri in the same hemisphere

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15
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Form ascending and descending tracts, to or from cerebral cortex through brainstem and spinal cord

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16
Q

Where is sensory input directed to for initial analysis?

A

Primary cortical region

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17
Q

What is the role of the secondary/association areas?

A

To integrate all the information from numerous sources and make sense of it which contributes to perception

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18
Q

What lobe contains the primary and secondary cortical regions?

A

Frontal Lobe

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19
Q

What features of the brain become c-shaped structures?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Caudate nucleus (basal ganglia structure)
  3. corpus callosum
  4. lateral ventricle
  5. limbic structures
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20
Q

What is the role of the limbic system?

A
  • Modulates processes associated with hypothalamus such as feeding, endocrine activity, sexual behaviour, and autonomic control
  • affect short term immediate responses to stimuli (e.g. euphoria, happiness, anger)
  • Central regulation of motivation, learning and memory
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21
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • Hippocampus
  • Fornix
  • Amygdala
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
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22
Q

What are the basal ganglia?

A
  • Group of structures located deep in the cortex and the midbrain
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23
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the hypothalamus

A
  • Only part of diencephalon that can be seen in an intact brain
  • Found on the ventral surface of the cerebrum
  • Inferior and anterior to thalamus
  • Forms lateral wall and floor of 3rd ventricle
  • Divided into left and right halves by 3rd ventricle
24
Q

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain tectum and tegmentum
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
25
Q

What emerges from the brainstem?

A
  • 10 of the 12 cranial nerves
  • Ascending and descending tracts
  • descending autonomic pathways
  • Nuclei that control respiration, cardiovasuclar system function, consciousness, sleep and alertness
26
Q

Name the order of the subsections of the midbrain rostral-> caudal

A 
Rostral midbrain
caudal midbrain 
rostral pons
caudal pons 
Rostral medulla
caudal medulla
27
Q

Describe the position and structure of the cerebellum

A
  • Lies posterior to pons and medulla
  • Connected to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles
  • consists of left and right hemispheres
  • has superficial cortex, white matter and deep nuclei like the cerebrum
28
Q

Describe the function of the cerebellum

A
  • Planning, programming and monitoring of voluntary movement (learned, skill-full movement)
  • Postural adjustments
  • Coordination of eye and head movements
29
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter located in the inferiomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere

30
Q

What do you think the term prefrontal cortex refers to as distinct from the frontal lobe?

A

The area covering the anterior part of the frontal love (including gyri), tasked with decision making and behaviour

31
Q

What is the difference between the primary and association areas of each lobe?

A

Primary: initial analysis for sensory input and easiest motor area to stimulate (controls specific muscles, particularly distal limbs)

Association: integration and sense making of sensory input, more planned movement and over all motor output with additional information from cerebellum, basal ganglia and other cerebral areas

32
Q

What is the general function of the frontal lobe?

A

Cognitive skills; emotional expression, memory, judgement, sexual behaviour

33
Q

What is the general function of the parietal lobe?

A

Receiving somatosensory input, speech, movement coordination, spacial orientation

34
Q

What is the general function of the occipital lobe?

A

Sensory input (visual); visual mapping, depth perception, processing visual cues and information

35
Q

What is the general function of the temporal lobe?

A

Contains limbic lobe; memory recognition, production of speech

36
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

Parietal lobe from the frontal lobe

37
Q

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

Frontal/parietal from temporal lobe

38
Q

What is the difference between sulci and fissues?

A 
Sulci= shallow 
Fissures= deep (separate lobes)
39
Q

What is the role of the precentral gyrus?

A

Motor commands via primary motor complex

40
Q

What is the role of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Somatosensory (sensory homunculus)

41
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Where one side of the brain plays more of an active role and has more neurons dedicated to a particular function than the other side

42
Q

What are the localised functions of the right hemisphere?

A
  • Memory for shapes
  • Stereogenesis
  • hearing
  • musical ability
  • Recognition of faces and body images
43
Q

What are the localised functions of the left hemisphere?

A
  • verbal memory
  • mathematical ability
  • understanding language
  • speech control (motor)
44
Q

What is Wernicke’s area concerned with?

A

Located in the parietal and temporal lobes

  • essential for comprehension of spoken language
  • lesions or damage to this area are characterised by impairment of comprehension and repetition
45
Q

What is Broca’s motor speech area?

A

Located within the frontal lobe

- important for the motor components of speech

46
Q

What synapses in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

A

All sensory information apart from olfaction

47
Q

What section can the epithalamus be located?

A

Midsagittal section

48
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Influence the thalamus which provides feedback to the cerebral cortex for initiation and control of motor responses and reduces muscle tone
49
Q

What are the 4 f’s referring to the limbic system?

A

Feeding, fighting, fleeing and fornication

50
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

large bundles of myelinated neurons descending from the cerebrum to the brainstem

51
Q

What CNs emerge from the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves

52
Q

What CNs emerge from the pons?

A

Trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)

53
Q

What CNs emerge from the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII)

54
Q

What is the midline vermis?

A

separation of the left and right cerebellar hemisphere

55
Q

What is the name for the convolutions of the cerebellum?

A

folia

56
Q

What are the 3 sets of cerebellar peduncles that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A
  1. Superior cerebellar peduncle
    - Arises from midbrain underneath the occipital lobes
  2. Middle Cerebellar peduncle
    - Larges peduncle
    - connects the two sides of the cerebellum through the pons
  3. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
    - joins the cerebellum to the medulla
57
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

receive info from the cerebral cortex and proprioreceptors of the trunk and limbs.

  • Smooth movement
  • planning and execution of multi joint movement

Anatomy and Neuroscience (9 decks)

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