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Anatomy and Neuroscience > Muscles of the Head > Flashcards

Muscles of the Head Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different classifications of muscles in the head?

A
  1. Mastication
  2. Facial Expression
  3. Extraocular
  4. Middle Ear
  5. Soft Palate and Pharynx
  6. Tongue
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2
Q

What are the muscles of mastication and their roles?

A

Masseter: elevation
Temporalis: elevation, retraction and lateral incursion
Medial Pterygoids: elevation and incursion
Lateral Pterygoids: protrusion and incursion `

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3
Q

What are the different subgroups of the muscles of facial expression?

A
  • Orbital group
  • Oral/cheek group
  • Nasal group
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4
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear and what are their general function?

A
  • Tensor Tympani
  • Stapedius

Protect the ear from loud and possibly damaging noises

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5
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Temporalis muscle

A

Origin: Temporal fossa

I: coronoid process of mandible + anterior border of ramus of mandible

Action: Elevation of mandible, retraction and lateral incursion

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6
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Masseter muscle

A

O: Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of zygomatic bone

I: Angle and later surface of ramus of mandible

Action: elevation of mandible

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7
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Medial Pterygoids

A

O: temporal fossa

I: Coronoid process on mandible + anterior border of ramus of mandible

Action:

  • Bilateral: elevation of mandible
  • Unilateral: lateral incursion to opposite side of contracting muscle
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8
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of the Lateral Pterygoids

A

O: Greater wing of sphenoid + infra-temporal fossa + lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate

I: Condyloid process + joint disc and capsule TMJ

Action:

  • Bilateral: protrusion of mandible
  • Unilateral: lateral incursion to opposite side of the contracting muscle
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9
Q

What CN innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Fascial Nerve (VII)

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10
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of muscles of facial expression

A

Originate: Bone of fascia

Insertion: skin

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11
Q

Describe the purpose of the orbital group of the muscles of facial expression

A

Eyebrows: elevate, draw inferiorly and medially

Close eyes gently and more forcefully

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12
Q

Describe the purpose of the nasal group of the muscles of facial expression

A

Flare nostrils, compress nasal apertures, draw nose inferiorly, wrinkle skin on the upper nose

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13
Q

Describe the purpose of the oral/cheek group of the muscles of facial expression

A

Mouth:

  • close mouth
  • elevate upper lip
  • depress lower lip
  • act on angle of the mouth to elevate
  • widen or depress
  • protrude lips
  • compress cheeks against teeth
  • compress distended cheeks
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14
Q

What are the 7 extra ocular eye muscles?

A

4 rectus (superior, inferior, medial and lateral)

2 obliques (superior and inferior) –> insert in a more posterior aspect of the sclera

Levator palpebrae superioris: opens the upper eye lid

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15
Q

Describe the effect of the extra ocular eye muscles on the eye

A

Horizontal plane (adduction and abduction)

Up and down

around the anteroposterior axis (intorsion/internal rotation)

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16
Q

What 2 types of eye movements occur so that the eyes stay aligned with each other when tracking an object?

A

Conjugate movements: 2 eyes moving at the same time in the same direction (as in visual tracking an object)

Vergence movements: 2 eyes move in opposite directions (convergence when we look at close objects- slightly cross eyed)

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17
Q

What is the opening to the oral cavity?

A

Oral fissure

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18
Q

What makes the roof of the oral cavity?

A

hard and soft palate

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19
Q

What makes the floor of the oral cavity?

A

mainly soft tissue; including the tongue and muscular diaphragm

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20
Q

What makes the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

cheeks

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21
Q

What makes the posterior aperture (opening) of the oral cavity?

A

oropharyngeal isthmus which opens into oropharynx

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22
Q

What makes the area between cheeks and teeth of the oral cavity?

A

oral vestibule

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23
Q

What makes the inner area enclose by dental arch of the oral cavity?

A

oral cavity proper

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24
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • inlet for digestive system: mastication and salivary secretion
  • Manipulates sounds produced by larynx for speech
  • Can be used for breathing as opens into pharynx (patent airway)
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25
Q

Describe the position of the tongue and soft palate during mouth breaking

A
  • At rest, breathing should predominantly occur through the nasal cavity
  • Mouth should be closed, with the tongue positioned against the hard palate and the lips gently held together
  • When mouth breathing is required, air can enter larynx as tongue relaxed onto oral cavity floor and soft palate in neutral
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26
Q

Describe the position of the tongue and soft palate when the oral cavity is filled with food or liquid

A

Soft palate= depressed to close off oropharyngeal isthmus

Posterior tongue= elevated

27
Q

Describe the position of the tongue and soft palate when swallowing

A

Soft palate= elevated to close of the pharynx, preventing food from entering the nose

Tongue= push up against the hard palate, pushing food into the oropharynx

28
Q

What is the term used to describe the tongue?

A

Glossus

29
Q

What CN innervates the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)- except for one muscle

30
Q

Describe the roles of the intrinsic tongue muscles

A
  • Lengthen (protrude)
  • Shorten (retrude)
  • Curl
  • Uncurl (flatten)
  • round
31
Q

Describe the roles of the extrinsic tongue muscles

A
  • Protrude/retract

- Elevate/depress

32
Q

Name the intrinsic tongue muscles

A
  • Superior longitudinal
  • Inferior longitudinal
  • Transverse (horizontal)
  • Vertical
33
Q

What is the role of the superior longitudinal?

A

Curls apex of tongue upwards, shortens (retrudes) tongue

34
Q

What is the role of the inferior longitudinal?

A

Curs apex of tongue downwards, shortens (retrudes)

35
Q

What is the role of the vertical muscles?

A

Flattens and broadens tongue

36
Q

What is the role of the transverse muscles?

A

narrow/elongates (protrudes) tongue

37
Q

Describe the origin of extrinsic tongue muscles

A

All originate from structures outside the tongue and insert onto the tongue

Palate, styloid process, hyoid bone, genial tubercles

38
Q

Name the extrinsic tongue muscles and their origins

A

Palatoglossus: palate

Genioglossus: genial tubercles

Styloglossus: Styloid process

hyoglossus: hyoid bone

39
Q

Describe the suprahyoids

A

muscles underneath the tongue in the floor of the mouth, attaching to the superior margin of the hyoid

40
Q

What CN innervates the anterior gastic and myohyloid?

A

V3

41
Q

What CN innervates the stylohyoid and posterior digastric?

A

VII

42
Q

What innervates the geniohyloid musle?

A

XII

43
Q

What does the soft palate form?

A

The arched roof of the oral cavity

44
Q

Describe the components of the palate

A

Anterior 2/3= hard palate (palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bones)

Posterior 1/3= soft palate

45
Q

What lies lateral to the SP?

A

continuous with walls of pharynx and is joined to tongue and pharynx by palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

46
Q

Describe the effects of the musculus uvulae on the uvula?

A

Shortens and pull uvula superiorly

47
Q

Describe the effect of the palatophayngeus on the SP

A

pulls walls superiorly, anteriorly and medially during swallowing

48
Q

Name of the muscles of the soft palate

A
  • Tensor Veli palatini (V3)
  • Levator veli palatini (X)
  • palatoglossus (X/XI)
  • Palatopharyngeus (X/XI)
49
Q

What is the role of the tensor veli palatini?

A

holds fauces open

50
Q

What is the role of the levator veli palatini?

A

Elevates the soft palate

51
Q

What muscle group pushes bolus towards oesophagus?

A

Constrictor muscles

52
Q

What has to happen to the pharynx when a bolus enters?

A

Has to be shortened, widened and then constricted to push the bolus towards the oesophagus

53
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx and what CN innervates them?

A
  • Stylopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus

Innervated by pharyngeal plexus (IX and X)

54
Q

Name the constrictor muscles

A

Superior constrictor

Middle constrictor

Inferior constrictor

55
Q

Where does the neurocranium derive from?

A

Neural crest cells and mesoderm

56
Q

Where does the viscerocranium derive from?

A

Nerual crest cells or cartilage within pharyngeal arches 1 and 2

57
Q

Where do muscles groups within the head derive from?

A

Pharyngeal arches

58
Q

What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 1 and what CN innervates them?

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Anterior digastric and myohyloid (suprahyoids)
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini

All innervated by CN V

59
Q

What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 2 and what CN innervates them?

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Posterior digastric, stylohyoid (suprahyoids)
  • Stapedius

All innervated by CN VII

60
Q

What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 3 and what CN innervates them?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Innervated by CN IX

61
Q

What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 4 and what CN innervates them?

A
  • Pharyngeal muscles
  • Levator veli palatini

Innervated by CN X

62
Q

What muscles originate from pharyngeal arch 6 and what CN innervates them?

A

Laryngeal muscles

Innervated by CN X

63
Q

Where do extraocular eye muscles develop from?

A

mesenchymal cells from the mesoderm

64
Q

Where do most of the tongue muscles form from?

A

Mesodermal myoblasts, derived from occipital somites

Anatomy and Neuroscience (9 decks)

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