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Anatomy and Neuroscience > Osteology of the Head > Flashcards

Osteology of the Head Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained within the skull?

A 
Brain 
Special senses; 
- Eye (orbit) 
- Ear (outer/middle/inner) 
- Olfaction (nasal cavity) 
- Taste (oral cavity)
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2
Q

What is the role of the specific structures of the nasal cavity?

A

Increased turbulence and SA

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3
Q

Describe the treatment of air in the nasal cavity

A

Changes to moisture, temperature and trapping of particular matter via contact with blood flow and mucous membrane

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4
Q

What makes up the mastication apparatus?

A
  • Teeth
  • Moving jaw
  • Muscle attachments
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5
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, play a role in vocalisation, located in ethmoid frontal sphenoid and maxillary bones. Drains into nasal cavity and aid in the projection of voice and crash barrier for brain (shock absorbance)

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6
Q

What are the moving part of the skull?

A

Mandible (at the tempomandibular joint - TMJ)

Ossicles in middle ear

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7
Q

What are the sutures of the skull?

A

Sagittal, coronal and patietooccipital suture

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8
Q

What are useful land marks of the external aspect of the skull?

A

Pterion- H-shaped (temple)
Nasion- T-shaped (bridge of nose)
Lambda - Like the greek letter, joining of the sagittal and parietooccipital sutures
Bregma- T-shaped, joining of coronal and sagittal sutures
Vertex- highest point of the skull

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9
Q

What are the name of bones formed within sutures of the skull?

A

Wormian bones (or sutural)

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10
Q

What main features lead to the higher growth rate of the facial skeleton in comparison to the calvaria?

A
  1. teeth (and additional support)
  2. Paranasal sinuses
  3. Some parts still cartilaginous, will ossify later
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11
Q

What is the frame/line of reference for the divisions of the skull?

A

Orbito-meatal plane

  • From superior margin of external auditory meatus
  • to inferior margin of bony orbit
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12
Q

Name some external features consisting of more than one bone

A

bony orbit, nasal cavity, zygomatic arch, temporal fossa, infra-temporal fossa, cranial fossa

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13
Q

describe the internal aspects of the cranial base

A

cranial fossae

  • anterior (frontal lobe)
  • middle (temporal lobe)
  • posterior (cerebellum)

Grooved by blood vessels

  • Dural sinuses
  • Drain brain
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14
Q

What is the widest part of the skull, located on the parietal bones?

A

Parietal eminences, separated by the biparietal diameter

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15
Q

What are the temporal lines of the parietal bones?

A

Superior and inferior temporal bones

  • Shared with frontal bone
  • attachment for temporalis muscle
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16
Q

What are the features of the anterior external surface of the frontal bone?

A

Zygomatic process
Supraorbital notch (passage of nerve of the same name)
Superior rim of the orbit

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17
Q

Where is the anterior cranial fossa located?

A

in the internal surface of the frontal bone, pierced by the ethmoid bone

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of the temporal bone?

A 
Squamous part (SP)
- Tile-like 
Mastoid process (MP) 
- mastoid air cells 
- Mastoid notch (behind) 
- Roughened 
Petrous Part (PP) 
- Rock-like
- Houses middle and inner ears
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19
Q

Name the external features of the temporal bone

A
  • Mastoid process (MP) and notch
  • Zygomatic process (joins with zygomatic bone)
  • External auditory meatus
  • Tympanic plate
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20
Q

Name the internal features of the temporal bone

A
  • Petrous part
  • Arcuate eminence
    > Raised
    >Semicircular canals
    > inner ear
  • tegmen tympani
    > roof of middle ear
    > lateral to the arcuate eminence
  • Internal auditory meatus
    > pathway for nerve back to brain
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21
Q

Name the temporal bone foramen seen from the interior aspect

A

Foramen lacerum
- rough edges
Jugular foramen
- For jugular vein

From lateral to medial:

  • Mandibular fossa
  • Styloid process
  • Carotid canal
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22
Q

What are the 4 parts of the occipital bone and what do they develop around?

A
  • Squamous, 2 lateral and a basal

Develop around foramen magnum

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23
Q

What are the names of the lines found on the external surface of the occipital bone?

A

Superior and inferior nuchal lines

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24
Q

What is the name of the dunky protuberance central on the superior nuchal line?

A

External occipital protuberance

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25
Q

What is the name of the coronal line on the external aspect of the occipital bone?

A

External occipital crest?

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26
Q

What are the matching interior features of the occipital bone for the EOC and EOP?

A

Internal occipital protuberance and internal occipital crest

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27
Q

What are dural sinuses of the occipital bone?

A

Groves fro veinous drainage

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28
Q

What are the names of the lateral parts of the occipital bone that articulate with the superior articulating facets of C1

A

Occipital condyles

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29
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tubercle located and what is its purpose?

A

Located on the basiocciput, joining with the sphenoid (anteriorly)

  • attachment of pharyngeal raphe
  • suspends pharynx
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30
Q

What features does the zygomatic bone contribute to?

A
  • Bony orbit (inferio-lateral)

- Cheek

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31
Q

Where is the temporal process of the zygomatic bone located?

A

Where it attaches to temporal bone, contributing to the zygomatic bone

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32
Q

What is the frontal process of the zygomatic bone?

A

where it attaches to the frontal bone

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33
Q

What features does the maxilla bone contribute to?

A

Bony orbit, nose, upper dental arcade, bone palate (hard palate)

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34
Q

What are notable features of the maxilla bone?

A
  • Alveolar processes to house upper teeth
  • Infraorbital foramen for infraorbital nerve
  • Maxillary air sinus
35
Q

What are the processes named for bony attachment of the zygomatic bone?

A
  • Frontal process

- Zygomatic process

36
Q

What 3 cavity walls do the palatine bones contribute to?

A
  • Floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity
  • roof of mouth
  • floor of orbit
37
Q

What are the plates and processes of the palatine bones?

A
  • Horizontal plate
  • Perpendicular plate
  • Pyramidal process (faces backward and lateral)
  • Sphenoidal process
  • Orbital process
38
Q

What are the components of the sphenoid bone? (thing wings and major parts)

A

Greater wing

  • seen laterally
  • seen in the orbit
  • contains foramina

Lesser wing
- seen in bony orbit

Body

  • fuses with basiocciput
  • houses pituitary gland
  • contains air sinus
39
Q

What are the features of the internal sphenoid bone body?

A

Anterior clinoid process (ACP)
Posterior clinoid process (PCP)
Pituitary fossa (depression between the ACP and PCP)
Sella turcica

40
Q

What are the foramina of the sphenoid bone?

A 
Foramen Rotundum (round) 
Foramen Ovale (oval) 
Foramen spinosum (near spine) 
Optic canal (in lesser wing)
41
Q

What are the 2 fissures of the sphenoid bone? (think bony orbit)

A

Superior orbital (SOF) and inferior orbital (IOF)

42
Q

What is the canal located within the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone? (bony orbit)

A

Optic canal

43
Q

What are the boney features found on the external aspect of the sphenoid bone (plates, fossae etc)-4 in total

A

Lateral pterygoid plate
medial pterygoid plate
pterygoid hamulus (hook)
pterygoid fossa

44
Q

Where specifically is the pterygoid hook found on the external aspect of the sphenoid bone?

A

on most inferior aspect of medial pterygoid plate

45
Q

What bony features does the ethmoid bone contribute to?

A

Nasal cavity

  • Roof
  • Bony nasal septum
  • Lateral wall superior, middle conchae

Bony Orbit
- Medial wall

Has hair cells (PN sinus)

46
Q

Describe in detail the ethmoid bone’s contribution to the nasal cavity

A 
ROOF
Cribiform plate 
- Slieve-like
- Olfactory nerves 
Crista galli 
- Attachment 4 membranes of brain

BONY NASAL SEPTUM

  • Has perpendicular plate
  • septum completed by vomer bone (attaching inferiorly)
47
Q

What is the difference between the superior & middle nasal conchae compared to the inferior nasal conchae?

A

First 2 are formed by the ethmoid bone where as inferior is not

48
Q

Describe the attachments of the vomer

A
  • Sphenoid superiorly
  • perpendicular plate of ethmoid
  • upper anterior and septal cartilage
  • Maxilla inferiorly
49
Q

What does the lacrimal bone contribute to?

A

Contributes to medial wall of bony orbit

  • Extends as nasolacrimal duct
  • drains into nasal cavity
  • Contributes to anteriolateral wall of nasal cavity
  • joins to cartilage
50
Q

Name the cartilages that attach to the nasal, maxilla, ethmoid and vomer bones

A

2 lateral cartilages, separated by septal cartilages

2 alar cartilages
- medial and lateral crus

51
Q

What does the mandible contribute to?

A
  • TMJ
  • Teeth
  • Muscle attachment
52
Q

What are the physical divisions of the mandible?

A
  • Ramus
  • Body
  • Angle
  • Internal and external surfaces
53
Q

Name the processes of the mandible

A

Condylar process

  • Head & neck
  • posterior

Coronoid process
- muscle attachement

Alveolar processes
- house teeth

54
Q

Name the mental features of the mandible

A

Mental foramen and mental protuberance

55
Q

What is the mandibular foramen a pathway for?

A

innervation

56
Q

what is the lingula?

A

Tongue of the bone, over the mandibular foramen

- attachment of sphenomandibular ligament

57
Q

What is the mylohyoid line?

A

Line for muscle attachment

runs along the internal surface of the body of the mandible

58
Q

Where would you find the digastric fossa?

A

internal surface of the mandible, behind the mental protuberance, meant for muscle attachment

59
Q

What are the genial tubercles?

A

Superior and lateral to the digastric fossa, AKA the mental spine

  • point of muscle attachment of the geniohyoid muscle
60
Q

What is at the inner most core of the tooth?

A

Specialised CT pulp

61
Q

What are the 3 calcified tissues covering the pulp of the tooth?

A

Dentin (D)

  • bulk- 70% inorganic
  • From mesoderm

Enamel (E)

  • 97% inorganic by weight
  • from ectoderm

Cementum (C)

  • From mesoderm
  • Covers root
62
Q

What ligament holds the tooth in place?

A

Peridontal ligament

63
Q

What are the 2 tooth types?

A

Permanent

deciduous = primary

64
Q

What is the dental formula for permanent teeth?

A

2123 (in one quadrant)

65
Q

What are the 4 forms of tooth found in the adult mouth?

A

Incisors
canine
premolars
molars

66
Q

What is the dental formula for deciduous tooth types?

A

212

67
Q

What are the 3 forms of tooth found in the child mouth?

A

Incisors
Canine
Molars
(no premolars)

68
Q

What is meant by the terms neurocranium and visceriocranium?

A

Neurocranium:

  • bony case for the brain
  • consists of calvaria (skull) and cranial base

Viscerocranium:
- Facial skeleton (14 bones)

69
Q

What are the relative neurocranium:viscerocranium proportions of the following:

  • Adult
  • Neonate
  • chimpanzee
A 
Adult= 1:3
Neonate= 1:10 
Chimpanzee= 1:1
70
Q

What features are palpable on the living subject? (think what their common terms are)

A

Mastoid process (behind the ear), zygomatic arch (Cheekbone), external occipital protuberance (brow bone), angle of the mandible (jaw line), rim of bony orbit (eye socket)

71
Q

Through what foramen does the inferior alveolar nerve emerge through to supply skin?

A

mandibular foramen

72
Q

To what bone does the basiocciput fuse?

A

Sphenoid (anteriorly)

73
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal located?

A

next to the jugular foramen/under condyles

74
Q

What nerve emerges through the supraorbital notch?

A

Supraorbital nerve

75
Q

What structure sits in the mandibular fossa?

A

Head of the condylar process of the mandible

76
Q

What emerges through the internal auditory meatus?

A

facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

77
Q

What lies under the arcuate eminence?

A

inner ear

78
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve

79
Q

Where is the optic canal in relation to the superior orbital fissure?

A

Medial

80
Q

What attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone?

A

4 membranes of the brain

81
Q

what goes through the holes of the cribiform plate?

A

olfactory nerves

82
Q

The vomer joins with what plate of which bone to form the nasal septum?

A

joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

83
Q

Where does the naso-lacrimal duct drain to?

A

nasal cavity

Anatomy and Neuroscience (9 decks)

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