Week 7,Ch.4 Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Psychophysics

Answer 1

is the study of the external world and how we detect them and then how we translate then into consciousness into our brain

Question 2

sensation

Answer 2

detecting happens at the level of the sensory organs

Question 3

perception

Answer 3

translating organizes and interprets that raw sensations

Question 4

Transduction

Answer 4

the way sensory organs communicate with the brain. Sense receptors convert physical signals from the environment into neural signals sent to the CNS

Question 5

Absolute threshold

Answer 5

the smallest amount of stimuli needed to detect a stimulus at least half of the time

Question 6

Sensory adaptation

Answer 6

we gradually become less sensitive to a constant unchanging stimulus

Question 7

Acuity

Answer 7

how well we can distinguish two very similar stimuli. Just noticeable difference

Question 8

Difference threshold

Answer 8

The ability to detect a change in stimuli what is the faintest change you can detect. Weber’s law

Question 9

Snellen chart

Answer 9

20/20 vission. A way to assess visual acuity. (ability to see fine detail)

Question 10

Signal detection theory

Answer 10

In the real world there is no 100% accuracy, life doesn’t have ideal and controlled conditions,depends on psychology or external factors

Question 11

Decision criterion

Answer 11

perception of a stimulus depends on two independent factors the
strength of the sensory evidence for that stimulus and the amount of evidence necessary

Question 12

Selective attention

Answer 12

Attention is a limited mental ressource, some we can control some we cannot attention is a controlled mental process but it can be taxing and its slower and its limited

Question 13

Selective spotlight

Answer 13

on 1 thing at a time, multi tasking with task that require the same amount of attention do not exist Depends also on what is most self relevant or motivating

Question 14

Inattentional blindness

Answer 14

missing something obvious that we are not paying attention to

Question 15

Change blindness

Answer 15

if where not paying attention we may miss change like the basketball gorilla experiment

Question 16

Placebo effect

Answer 16

when you expect something to happen your body will essentially will it into existence this can happen with pain because its a subjectif process

Question 17

Context(effect)

Answer 17

yields different perception of the same stimulus
For example daylight and artificial light when it comes to the black and blue or white and gold dress

Question 18

Transduction

Answer 18

physical stimuli registered by sensory receptors are converted into neural signals
-transmitted by the nervous system
-signals go to the thalamus and end up on the cerebral

Question 19

what are human beings’ dominant sense

Answer 19

Vision
however humans only sese a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum

Question 20

Visible light

Answer 20

a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

Question 21

Length

Answer 21

hue/colour of light. Distance between crests

Question 22

Amplitude

Answer 22

Brightness. Height of the crests

Question 23

Purity

Answer 23

saturation of colour. Depends on the number of wavelengths making up the
Colour

Question 24

Cornea

Answer 24

clear smooth outer layer. Light wave hits the eye at the cornea

Question 25

Pupil

Answer 25

a hole in the iris(coloured part) pupil focused by a lens

Question 26

Iris

Answer 26

a muscle that controls the size of the pupil

Question 27

Retina

Answer 27

a layer of light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball. projected onto the retinas light receptors and then transduced into the neural signals to be sent to the brain via optic nerves

Question 28

myopia

Answer 28

nearsightedness

Question 29

hyperopia

Answer 29

farsightedness

Question 30

Rods

Answer 30

light and grays they work in darkens they also detect motion

Question 31

Cones

Answer 31

make our vision sharp and detailed function in well lit detect colour

Question 32

Fovea

Answer 32

region of the retina with the clearest vision. No rods here

Question 33

Color deficiency

Answer 33

it means you lack one type of cone, Pairs of opposite colours are wired together Red-green blue-yellow black- white

Question 34

Optic nerve

Answer 34

bundled RGC axons,No rods or cones so can’t sense light. Creates a blind spot

Question 35

Binding neurons

Answer 35

receive coincident (simultaneous) input from other neurons involved in representing different features of an object

Question 36

Parallel processing

Answer 36

the brain’s capacity to perform many activities at the same time. Illusory conjunction: a perceptual mistake where the brain incorrectly combines features from multiple objects.

Question 37

Feature-integration theory

Answer 37

focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that make up a stimulus, but it is required to bring the individual features together.

Question 38

Visual agnosia and Prosopagnosia

Answer 38

a condition in which you cannot name the actual object its like a form of brain blindness and inability to recognize faces

Question 39

during perception where does, the neural data come from

Answer 39

via the thalamus to the primary visual cortex (Area V1) in the occipital lobe

Question 40

activate feature detectors

Answer 40

specialized neurons, respond selectively to specific aspects of stimuli - edges, angles, size, location, motion, colour

Question 41

Gestalt principles

Answer 41

we perceive a unified whole (vs. separate bits) “The whole is other than the sum of its parts” top-down processing:

Question 42

top down processing

Answer 42

perceiving the world around us by drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new information

Question 43

Figure & Ground rule

Answer 43

an object (figure) is perceived as separate from its (back)ground

Question 44

Grouping rules

Answer 44

Proximity,Similarity

Question 45

Closure rule

Answer 45

completing a familiar form when it appears to have gaps

Question 46

are Depth & distance sensed or perceived?

Answer 46

perceived

Question 47

Monocular depth cues

Answer 47

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye.

Question 48

Familiar size

Answer 48

we expect objects to be a certain size

Question 49

Linear perspective

Answer 49

parallel lines seem to converge as they recede into the distance

Question 50

Texture gradient

Answer 50

described how textures look more textured up close but monotonous far away

Question 51

Interposition

Answer 51

occurs when one object partly blocks another. The blocking object is closer than the block object

Question 52

Pictorial cues

Answer 52

Objects that are closer appear lower in the visual field

Question 53

Motion perception

Answer 53

as an object moves across a stationary observer’s visual field, it stimulates one location on the retina

Question 54

Motion parallax

Answer 54

objects that are closer to us move faster across a visual field