Week 7 Cardiovascular Diagnostic Testing Flashcards
EKG
noninvasive; place electrodes on chest to record heart rate and rhythm
EKG can be preformed at
rest or during exercise
EKG indications
cardiac arrhythmia, ischemia, structural damage, preop clearance, HF
EKG is often used after
a procedure or after starting new medications
Holter moniter
continuous 24-hour monitor of heart activity; some patients may wear up to 30 days
Holter monitor indications
arrhythmias, symptoms such as syncope or dizziness
Chest X-ray indications
heart failure, cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, rib fractures, hypoxia, persistent cough
Common complications from cardiothoracic surgery
pleural effusion, pneumonia
Echocardiogram
ultrasound of the heart to assess structure and function
Echocardiogram can detect
atrial and ventricular size, cardiac muscle function, valve function, thickness of interatrial and interventricular septum, ventricular wall movement
Echocardiogram can estimate
EF and stroke volume
Echocardiogram indications
valve conditions, congenital heart disease, thrombus, ischemia, cardia muscle dysfunction, valvular vegetation, cardiomyopathy
Transthoracic
nonivasive
transesophageal
invasive
Cardiac Catheterization
detects pressure of each chamber, EF, cardiac output
can help identify further medical management/interventions such as need for CABG
Cardiac Catheterization indications
CAD, HF, valve disease, cardiac arrest, angina, worsening exercise tolerance
Cardiac catheterization is diagnostic but
can be used as an intervention
assess through radial or femoral artery to the hear
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Nuclear imaging that can detect glucose uptake, blood flow, and fatty acid metabolism, by injecting radioactive tracing material
nonivasive
PET indications
CAD, cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia, L ventricle dysfunction, infection
CT
single-photon emission computer tomography
CT indications
cardiac ischemia/perfusion, CAD
MRI & MRA
May be contraindicated in patients with pacemakers, stents, arthroplasties/surgical hardware
MRI
detect cardiac blood flow, contractility, structures
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram
imaging with IV contrast to detect blockages
Exercise stress testing
Bruce protocol of progressive 3 minute blocks at increased speed and incline
Stress pharmacologic
injection of medication to stimulate increased O2 uptake with exercise
Contraindications to pharmacologic testing
absolute - SBP < 90, bronchospasm, beyond 1st degree heart block
Relative - COPD
Indications for endomyocardial Biopsy
HF, sarcoidosis, genetic conditions, tumors, cardiomyopathies, transplants
Endomyocardial Biopsy is typically performed on
a ventricle or at the interventricular septum
Multigated Acquisition Scan (MUGA)
involves injection of radioactive substance and use of camera to detect cardiac blood flow and determine EF
Multigated Acquisition Scan indications
CHF, oncology populations, cardiac symptoms
ABI
compares pressures in posterior tib or dorsalis pedis artery to brachial pressures
Duplex Ultrasound
use of ultrasound waves to detect tissue defects, use in DVT, venous disease
Doppler Ultrasound
blood flow through vascular structures
Test for arrythmias
holter monitor, EKG
Test for myocardial ischemia
EKG, pharmacologic stress testing, echocardiogram, cardiac catherization, MRI
Test for valve function
echocardiogram, cardiac catherization
Test for ventricle size/EF
chest xray. echocardiogram, MUGA
Test for cardiac contactility
Echocardiogram, MUGA, Ventriculography
Test for acute MI
EKG
Test for vascular
ABI, limb pressure, ultrasound, exercise studies
