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Cardiopulm > Week 1 CV and A&P > Flashcards

Week 1 CV and A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

12 sets of ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
houses abdominal organs
maintains negative pressure for lunch function

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2
Q

Thorax

A

covers vital organs of the thoracic cavity including the heart, lungs, and esophagus

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3
Q

What is the floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphram

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4
Q

Where is the mediastinum located?

A

btw pleurae of the lungs

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5
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

non-pulmonary thoracic viscera: heart, vessels/vasculature, esophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct, associated lymph nodes, neural structures (phrenic nerve)

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6
Q

What are the borders of the mediastinum?

A

chest wall, lungs, spine, diaphram

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7
Q

The heart pumps blood the the body via

A

vascular system

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8
Q

Pericardium

A

fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart; 2 layers including parietal (fibrous) and visceral (serous) pericardium

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9
Q

What are the three layers of the heart

A

endocardium - innermost layer
myocardium - muscular layer
epicardium - visceral pericardium

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10
Q

Myocardium

A

comprised of myocytes and intercalated disc

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11
Q

Can the Myocardium replenish itself if cell death occurs?

A

no

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12
Q

Myocardium the key function

A

conductivity
rhythmicity
automaticity

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13
Q

Myocytes

A

containing actin, myosin, large # of mitochondria for ATP production

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14
Q

intercalated disk

A

syncytium - desmosomes and connexin

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15
Q

Endocardium

A

simple squamous and areolar tissue; line chambers, vales, blood vessels

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16
Q

Epicardium

A

Visural pericardium, with some adipose mixed in; arteries, lymphatic, veins run underneath this layer

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17
Q

Two-walled layer surrounding the heart and its vessels

A

pericardium

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18
Q

Pericardium parietal layer

A

outer; dense connective tissue

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19
Q

Pericardium visceral layer

A

thinner layer continuous with epicardium

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20
Q

Pericardium contains 10 - 20 mL of pericardial fluid btw the 2 layers that serves to

A

decrease the amount of friction that occurs during contraction of the heart

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21
Q

Right atrium

A

contains pectinate muscles attached to anterior and lateral walls + auricles for increasing avail volume/capacity for blood

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22
Q

Left atrium

A

also has auricles; thicker walls as it receives higher pressures than R atrium; pectinate muscles into pulm veins to eliminate backflow

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23
Q

Right atrium receives

A

deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cave, coronary sinus

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24
Q

Atrial kick

A

refers to the 15-20% of cardiac output that results from pectinate muscle contraction

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25
Q

Atria contains auricles to increase

A

available volume

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26
Q

Left atrium receives

A

oxygenated blood via pulmonary vein

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27
Q

Left atrium contains thicker walls than the right because

A

it receives higher pressures of blood from pulmonary circulation

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28
Q

The atriums are seperation by

A

interatrial septum

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29
Q

Right ventricle receives

A

deoxygenated blood from right atrium

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30
Q

Left ventricle

A

sends oxygenated blood through aorta and into systemic circulation

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31
Q

The left ventricle is the thickest walls of all chambers due to

A

volumes of blood and need for force/contraction

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32
Q

Ventricles are separated by

A

interventricular septum

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33
Q

Which ventricle is triangular shaped?

A

Right ventricle allowing large volume of blood to be ejected into narrow valve against low pressure gradient

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34
Q

Which ventricle is cone-shaped

A

left ventricle

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35
Q

Why does pressures matter?

A

Blood flow from high to low pressure gradient. Shapes of different chambers, wall thicknesses, valve size, appendages/extra structures all matter with regards to pathway and volume of blood flow.

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36
Q

Diastolic of R atrium

A

0-8 mmHg

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37
Q

Diastolic of L atrium

A

4-12 mmHg

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38
Q

Diastolic of R ventricle 0-8 mmHg

A

Diastolic of L ventricle 4-12 mmHg

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39
Q

Systolic of R ventricle

A

15-30 mmHg

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40
Q

Systolic of L ventricle

A

80-120 mmHg

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41
Q

Valves

A

only allow for unidirectional flow due to leaflets that are attached to the papillary muscle of the myocardium via chordae tendinae

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42
Q

Atrioventricular

A

eliminate backflow of blood during ventricular systole

tricuspid
mitral

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43
Q

Valve between R atrium and ventricle

A

tricuspid

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44
Q

Valve between left atrium and ventricle

A

mitral

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45
Q

Semilunar

A

eliminate backflow of blood during ventricular diastole

pulmonary
aortic

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46
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

btw right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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47
Q

Aortic valve

A

btw left ventricle and aorta

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48
Q

Superior vena cava

A

collects blood from head and UE

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49
Q

inferior vena cava

A

collects blood from LE and trunk

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50
Q

Coronary arteries

A

receive blood during diastole when aortic valve is closed

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51
Q

Right coronary artery

A

from aorta

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52
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

valveless; travel to L atrium

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

R coronary artery branches

A

posterior descending
SA nodal artery
Marginal artery

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55
Q

Posterior descending supplies

A

posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum

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56
Q

SA nodal artery supplies

A

SA node

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57
Q

Marginal artery supplies

A

Lateral R ventricle

58
Q

Left coronary artery branches to

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)
Left circumflex

59
Q

Left anterior descending supplies

A

anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior L ventricle

60
Q

Left circumflex supplies

A

L atrium and posterolateral L ventricle

61
Q

Apex

A

point of maximal impulses

62
Q

Apex landmark

A

5th intercoastal space at midclavicular line

63
Q

Erb’s point landmark

A

L 3rd intercostal space

64
Q

Aortic landmark

A

R 2nd intercostal space

65
Q

Pulmonic Landmark

A

L 2nd intercostal space

66
Q

Tricuspid landmark

A

L 4th intercostal space

67
Q

Mitral Landmark

A

L 5th intercostal space on midclavicular line

68
Q

ECMO

A

Blood is pumped from the R side of the heart to the machine, CO2 removed, O2-filled blood returns to body
Allows bypass of cardiopulmonary system, which contributes to healing

69
Q

ECMO indications

A

Critical illness with heart and lung involvement, awaiting heart/lung transplant, COVID

70
Q

Arteries

A

oxygen rich blood to the periphery

71
Q

veins

A

return deoxygenated blood to the heart

72
Q

Capillaries

A

o2 and nutrient exchanges

73
Q

Pulmonary vein is abnormal because

A

it does carry O2 blood from lungs to heart

74
Q

Arteries and veins often travel together which allows

A

allows O2-rich warm blood in arteries to help warm blood in veins; often travel together in a sheath that moves as artery does during systole; this helps with venous return

75
Q

Tunica intima

A

innermost lining; composed of epithelial cells and connective tissue

76
Q

Tunica media

A

smooth muscle and elastin

77
Q

Tunica adventita

A

outer layer of connective tissue (collagen, elastin)

78
Q

Capillaries only have tunica intima

A

thinness allows for Co2/O2 exchange

79
Q

Tunica media thickness determines

A

size of lumen (opening)

80
Q

Arteries

A

transport blood from high pressure (heart) to lower pressure areas in systemic circulation

81
Q

Anastomoses

A

connections btw varying branches of an artery

82
Q

Arterioles

A

involved in BP management due to how they contract/relax and have adjustments in diameter that can increase or decrease blood flow to an area

83
Q

Veins

A

Contain thinner walls than arteries
More numerous than arteries
Larger diameter
Contain more anastomoses
Less elastin
Contain 65% of resting blood volume

84
Q

Venules

A

smallest vein
come from capillary beds and form plexuses

85
Q

Medium veins

A

drains from plexus and travels with artery
have valves that restrict backflow

86
Q

Large veins

A

contain smooth muscle
larger connective tissue layer

87
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

the heart’s pacemaker; generally 60-100bpm; controlled by ANS; located in myocardium near superior vena cava in R atrium

88
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

between interatrial and intraventricular septum; connects electrical pathway from SA node to ventricles; paces at 40-60 bpm in the event of SA node failure/electrical abnormality

89
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers

90
Q

Sympathetic

A

increase in HR/contractility, vasodilation of coronary arteries to increase cardiac blood flow

91
Q

Parasympathetic

A

vagus nerve; decreases HR/contractility

92
Q

R vagus nerve

93
Q

L vagus nerve

94
Q

Receptors

A

important for cardiovascular pharmacology

95
Q

Sympathetic receptors

A

Adrenergic receptors
B1
B2

96
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

binds to epinephrine/norepinephrine

97
Q

B1

A

binding with B1-agonist can increase HR and contractility, SA and AV node activation -> increased cardiac output and stroke volume

98
Q

B2

A

smooth airway and cardiac muscle; can decrease bronchospasm

99
Q

Parasympathetic receptors

A

Muscarinic

100
Q

Muscarinic

A

in cardiac muscle; bind to acetylcholine

101
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

defined as one cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction

102
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Depolarization slowed at AV node due to calcium ions
Ventricular conduction system=fast moving Na+ ions
Then goes to Bundle of His and Bundle Branches
Depolarization of myocardium=ventricular contraction

103
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization + contraction

104
Q

PR segment

A

ventricular filling

105
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and contraction

106
Q

ST segment

A

plateau phase of ventricular repolarization

107
Q

T wave

A

rapid phase of ventricular repolarization

108
Q

QT interval

A

ventricular systole

109
Q

Cardiac Conduction definition

A

beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

110
Q

Cardiac conduction

A

SA node
R atrium and L atrium
AV node
Bundle of His
L and R bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

111
Q

SA node

A

action potential generated

112
Q

R and L atrium

A

impulse travels and muscles contract

113
Q

AV node

A

Depolarization slows at AV node due to presence of calcium ions, which allows blood to pass from atria intro ventricles for ventricular filling

114
Q

R/L bundle branches

A

depolarizes corresponding ventricle leading to ventricular contraction

115
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Electrical activity spreads from endocardium -> epicardium (outward)

116
Q

Chronotropy

A

heart rate

117
Q

Positive chronotropy

A

increase HR

118
Q

Negative chronotropy

A

decreased HR

119
Q

Inotropy

A

contractility

120
Q

Positive inotropy

A

increased contractility

121
Q

Negative inotropy

A

decrease contractility

122
Q

Dromotropy

A

conduction

123
Q

Positive dromotrophy

A

increased conduction velocity

124
Q

Negative dromotropy

A

conduction velocity

125
Q

Automaticity

A

pacemaking ability

126
Q

Factors affecting stroke volume

A

contractility
preload
afterload

127
Q

Contractility

A

muscular stretch, high HR, neurotransmitters

128
Q

Preload

A

amount of blood returning to the heart

129
Q

Afterload

A

total peripheral resistance/peripheral force heart is required to pump against

130
Q

Factors affecting HR

131
Q

ANS

A

innervation, neurotransmitter

132
Q

Frank starling Rule

A

Explains the relationship between the length/stretch on myocardial fibers based on amount of blood in ventricles prior to contraction (end diastolic volume) and force of muscle contraction

133
Q

If myocardial fibers are too close together or too far apart

A

contraction strength is decreased

134
Q

Ejection fraction

A

A ratio or percentage of the volume of blood ejected out of the ventricles relative to the volume of blood received by the ventricles prior to contraction

135
Q

Normal ejection fraction

136
Q

venous system

A

how blood returns from systemic circulation

137
Q

Veins have low pressures compared to

A

arteries and the pressures are higher peripherally in small venules, which allows for a gradient of blood flow back to the heart

138
Q

Complete heart block

A

bradycardia due to lack of electrical signal between atria and ventricles

139
Q

Complete heart block symptoms

A

dizziness, syncope, hypotension, sudden cardiac death

140
Q

Complete heart
block causes

A

myocardial infarction, meds, surgery

141
Q

Complete heart block usually require

A

temporary pacemaker followed by permanent pacemaker

Cardiopulm (11 decks)

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