Week 1 CV and A&P Flashcards
1
Q
Thoracic cavity
A
12 sets of ribs
sternum
thoracic vertebrae
houses abdominal organs
maintains negative pressure for lunch function
2
Q
Thorax
A
covers vital organs of the thoracic cavity including the heart, lungs, and esophagus
3
Q
What is the floor of the thoracic cavity?
A
Diaphram
4
Q
Where is the mediastinum located?
A
btw pleurae of the lungs
5
Q
What does the mediastinum contain?
A
non-pulmonary thoracic viscera: heart, vessels/vasculature, esophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct, associated lymph nodes, neural structures (phrenic nerve)
6
Q
What are the borders of the mediastinum?
A
chest wall, lungs, spine, diaphram
7
Q
The heart pumps blood the the body via
A
vascular system
8
Q
Pericardium
A
fluid-filled sac surrounding the heart; 2 layers including parietal (fibrous) and visceral (serous) pericardium
9
Q
What are the three layers of the heart
A
endocardium - innermost layer
myocardium - muscular layer
epicardium - visceral pericardium
10
Q
Myocardium
A
comprised of myocytes and intercalated disc
11
Q
Can the Myocardium replenish itself if cell death occurs?
A
no
12
Q
Myocardium the key function
A
conductivity
rhythmicity
automaticity
13
Q
Myocytes
A
containing actin, myosin, large # of mitochondria for ATP production
14
Q
intercalated disk
A
syncytium - desmosomes and connexin
15
Q
Endocardium
A
simple squamous and areolar tissue; line chambers, vales, blood vessels
16
Q
Epicardium
A
Visural pericardium, with some adipose mixed in; arteries, lymphatic, veins run underneath this layer
17
Q
Two-walled layer surrounding the heart and its vessels
A
pericardium
18
Q
Pericardium parietal layer
A
outer; dense connective tissue
19
Q
Pericardium visceral layer
A
thinner layer continuous with epicardium
20
Q
Pericardium contains 10 - 20 mL of pericardial fluid btw the 2 layers that serves to
A
decrease the amount of friction that occurs during contraction of the heart
21
Q
Right atrium
A
contains pectinate muscles attached to anterior and lateral walls + auricles for increasing avail volume/capacity for blood
22
Q
Left atrium
A
also has auricles; thicker walls as it receives higher pressures than R atrium; pectinate muscles into pulm veins to eliminate backflow
23
Q
Right atrium receives
A
deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cave, coronary sinus
24
Q
Atrial kick
A
refers to the 15-20% of cardiac output that results from pectinate muscle contraction
25
Atria contains auricles to increase
available volume
26
Left atrium receives
oxygenated blood via pulmonary vein
27
Left atrium contains thicker walls than the right because
it receives higher pressures of blood from pulmonary circulation
28
The atriums are seperation by
interatrial septum
29
Right ventricle receives
deoxygenated blood from right atrium
30
Left ventricle
sends oxygenated blood through aorta and into systemic circulation
31
The left ventricle is the thickest walls of all chambers due to
volumes of blood and need for force/contraction
32
Ventricles are separated by
interventricular septum
33
Which ventricle is triangular shaped?
Right ventricle allowing large volume of blood to be ejected into narrow valve against low pressure gradient
34
Which ventricle is cone-shaped
left ventricle
35
Why does pressures matter?
Blood flow from high to low pressure gradient. Shapes of different chambers, wall thicknesses, valve size, appendages/extra structures all matter with regards to pathway and volume of blood flow.
36
Diastolic of R atrium
0-8 mmHg
37
Diastolic of L atrium
4-12 mmHg
38
Diastolic of R ventricle 0-8 mmHg
Diastolic of L ventricle 4-12 mmHg
39
Systolic of R ventricle
15-30 mmHg
40
Systolic of L ventricle
80-120 mmHg
41
Valves
only allow for unidirectional flow due to leaflets that are attached to the papillary muscle of the myocardium via chordae tendinae
42
Atrioventricular
eliminate backflow of blood during ventricular systole
tricuspid
mitral
43
Valve between R atrium and ventricle
tricuspid
44
Valve between left atrium and ventricle
mitral
45
Semilunar
eliminate backflow of blood during ventricular diastole
pulmonary
aortic
46
Pulmonary valve
btw right ventricle and pulmonary artery
47
Aortic valve
btw left ventricle and aorta
48
Superior vena cava
collects blood from head and UE
49
inferior vena cava
collects blood from LE and trunk
50
Coronary arteries
receive blood during diastole when aortic valve is closed
51
Right coronary artery
from aorta
52
Pulmonary veins
valveless; travel to L atrium
53
54
R coronary artery branches
posterior descending
SA nodal artery
Marginal artery
55
Posterior descending supplies
posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum
56
SA nodal artery supplies
SA node
57
Marginal artery supplies
Lateral R ventricle
58
Left coronary artery branches to
Left anterior descending (LAD)
Left circumflex
59
Left anterior descending supplies
anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior L ventricle
60
Left circumflex supplies
L atrium and posterolateral L ventricle
61
Apex
point of maximal impulses
62
Apex landmark
5th intercoastal space at midclavicular line
63
Erb's point landmark
L 3rd intercostal space
64
Aortic landmark
R 2nd intercostal space
65
Pulmonic Landmark
L 2nd intercostal space
66
Tricuspid landmark
L 4th intercostal space
67
Mitral Landmark
L 5th intercostal space on midclavicular line
68
ECMO
Blood is pumped from the R side of the heart to the machine, CO2 removed, O2-filled blood returns to body
Allows bypass of cardiopulmonary system, which contributes to healing
69
ECMO indications
Critical illness with heart and lung involvement, awaiting heart/lung transplant, COVID
70
Arteries
oxygen rich blood to the periphery
71
veins
return deoxygenated blood to the heart
72
Capillaries
o2 and nutrient exchanges
73
Pulmonary vein is abnormal because
it does carry O2 blood from lungs to heart
74
Arteries and veins often travel together which allows
allows O2-rich warm blood in arteries to help warm blood in veins; often travel together in a sheath that moves as artery does during systole; this helps with venous return
75
Tunica intima
innermost lining; composed of epithelial cells and connective tissue
76
Tunica media
smooth muscle and elastin
77
Tunica adventita
outer layer of connective tissue (collagen, elastin)
78
Capillaries only have tunica intima
thinness allows for Co2/O2 exchange
79
Tunica media thickness determines
size of lumen (opening)
80
Arteries
transport blood from high pressure (heart) to lower pressure areas in systemic circulation
81
Anastomoses
connections btw varying branches of an artery
82
Arterioles
involved in BP management due to how they contract/relax and have adjustments in diameter that can increase or decrease blood flow to an area
83
Veins
Contain thinner walls than arteries
More numerous than arteries
Larger diameter
Contain more anastomoses
Less elastin
Contain 65% of resting blood volume
84
Venules
smallest vein
come from capillary beds and form plexuses
85
Medium veins
drains from plexus and travels with artery
have valves that restrict backflow
86
Large veins
contain smooth muscle
larger connective tissue layer
87
Sinoatrial node
the heart’s pacemaker; generally 60-100bpm; controlled by ANS; located in myocardium near superior vena cava in R atrium
88
Atrioventricular node
between interatrial and intraventricular septum; connects electrical pathway from SA node to ventricles; paces at 40-60 bpm in the event of SA node failure/electrical abnormality
89
Cardiac plexus
contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
90
Sympathetic
increase in HR/contractility, vasodilation of coronary arteries to increase cardiac blood flow
91
Parasympathetic
vagus nerve; decreases HR/contractility
92
R vagus nerve
SA node
93
L vagus nerve
AV node
94
Receptors
important for cardiovascular pharmacology
95
Sympathetic receptors
Adrenergic receptors
B1
B2
96
Adrenergic receptors
binds to epinephrine/norepinephrine
97
B1
binding with B1-agonist can increase HR and contractility, SA and AV node activation -> increased cardiac output and stroke volume
98
B2
smooth airway and cardiac muscle; can decrease bronchospasm
99
Parasympathetic receptors
Muscarinic
100
Muscarinic
in cardiac muscle; bind to acetylcholine
101
Cardiac Cycle
defined as one cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction
102
Cardiac cycle
Depolarization slowed at AV node due to calcium ions
Ventricular conduction system=fast moving Na+ ions
Then goes to Bundle of His and Bundle Branches
Depolarization of myocardium=ventricular contraction
103
P wave
atrial depolarization + contraction
104
PR segment
ventricular filling
105
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and contraction
106
ST segment
plateau phase of ventricular repolarization
107
T wave
rapid phase of ventricular repolarization
108
QT interval
ventricular systole
109
Cardiac Conduction definition
beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
110
Cardiac conduction
SA node
R atrium and L atrium
AV node
Bundle of His
L and R bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
111
SA node
action potential generated
112
R and L atrium
impulse travels and muscles contract
113
AV node
Depolarization slows at AV node due to presence of calcium ions, which allows blood to pass from atria intro ventricles for ventricular filling
114
R/L bundle branches
depolarizes corresponding ventricle leading to ventricular contraction
115
Purkinje fibers
Electrical activity spreads from endocardium -> epicardium (outward)
116
Chronotropy
heart rate
117
Positive chronotropy
increase HR
118
Negative chronotropy
decreased HR
119
Inotropy
contractility
120
Positive inotropy
increased contractility
121
Negative inotropy
decrease contractility
122
Dromotropy
conduction
123
Positive dromotrophy
increased conduction velocity
124
Negative dromotropy
conduction velocity
125
Automaticity
pacemaking ability
126
Factors affecting stroke volume
contractility
preload
afterload
127
Contractility
muscular stretch, high HR, neurotransmitters
128
Preload
amount of blood returning to the heart
129
Afterload
total peripheral resistance/peripheral force heart is required to pump against
130
Factors affecting HR
ANS
131
ANS
innervation, neurotransmitter
132
Frank starling Rule
Explains the relationship between the length/stretch on myocardial fibers based on amount of blood in ventricles prior to contraction (end diastolic volume) and force of muscle contraction
133
If myocardial fibers are too close together or too far apart
contraction strength is decreased
134
Ejection fraction
A ratio or percentage of the volume of blood ejected out of the ventricles relative to the volume of blood received by the ventricles prior to contraction
135
Normal ejection fraction
60-70 %
136
venous system
how blood returns from systemic circulation
137
Veins have low pressures compared to
arteries and the pressures are higher peripherally in small venules, which allows for a gradient of blood flow back to the heart
138
Complete heart block
bradycardia due to lack of electrical signal between atria and ventricles
139
Complete heart block symptoms
dizziness, syncope, hypotension, sudden cardiac death
140
Complete heart
block causes
myocardial infarction, meds, surgery
141
Complete heart block usually require
temporary pacemaker followed by permanent pacemaker
