Week 7

Question 1

what are advantages of point of care testing?

Answer 1

• assess and manage pt in their home
• detailed triage of pt’s
• screening of pt’s in community
• Detect blood loss
• diagnostic for low risk chest pain
• reduce hospital overcrowding

Question 2

what are disadvantages of point of care testing?

Answer 2

• info overload
• prohibitive cost
• interpretation
• > time consuming
• requires skill and critical thinking
• false positives and false negatives

Question 3

what is specific gravity of urine?

Answer 3

a measure of the amount of solutes dissolved in urine compared to water

• measures the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute urine

Question 4

what values indicate decreased urine specific gravity?

Answer 4

Decreases <1.005

• inability to concentrate urine or excessive hydration

Question 5

what values indicate increased urine specific gravity?

Answer 5

Increased >1.035

• indicates a concentrated urine
• > dehydration, renal failure

Question 6

what is the normal ph level for urine analysis?

Answer 6

4. 5 - 8.0

- kidneys play a role in acid-base regulation of the body

Question 7

What can cause high urinary ph?

Answer 7

• Various diet types
• systemic alkolosis
• UTI
• drugs

Question 8

What can cause low urinary ph?

Answer 8

• high protein or fruit diet
• systemic acidosis
• diabetes

Question 9

What level of protein in the urine defines protenuria?

Answer 9

> 150 mg/day

Question 10

What do nitrates in the urine analysis indicate?

Answer 10

UTI, converted to nitrates in presence of gram-negative bacteria

Question 11

What are causes of haematuria?

Answer 11

• trauma, infection, inflammation, infarction, calcuili, neoplasia

Question 12

What are causes of haemoglobinuria?

Answer 12

• burns, eclampsia, sickle cell crisis, multiple myeloma

Question 13

is glucose normally found in urine anaysis?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

What does a positive billirubin test in urine indicate?

Answer 14

liver disease

Question 15

with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect a UTI?

Answer 15

niutrates/keukocytes/blood

Question 16

with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect kidney stones?

Answer 16

blood

Question 17

with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect dehydration?

Answer 17

high Specific Gravity/ketones

Question 18

with a urine test, wat do you look for if you suspect diabetes or kidney issues?

Answer 18

glucose/protein

Question 19

what are the 4 key functions of electrolytes?

Answer 19

• control osmosis of water
• maintain acid-base balance
• carry electrical current
• serve as cofactors

Question 20

WHat are causes of hyperkatraemia?

Answer 20

renal failure
aldosterone deficiency
crush injuries
transfusion
hemolysed  lood

Question 21

what are S&S of hyponatraemia ?

Answer 21

S&S:

• lethargy
• muscular weakness
• dizziness
• headache
• confusion
• seizures
• coma
• hypotension
• tachycardia
• shock

Question 22

what is the normal range for sodium?

Answer 22

135-145

Question 23

what are causes of hypernatraemia and some S&S?

Answer 23

• dehydration
• water deprivation

S&S:

• thirst
• hypertension
• oedema

Question 24

what are S&S of hyperkalaemia?

Answer 24

• irritable
• GIT disturbances
• cardiac arrhythmia
• musical weakness

Question 25

What ECH changes are seen with hyperkalaemia?

Answer 25

• peaked t waves
• flattened P wave
• Wide QRS

Question 26

When should you suspect hyperkalaemia?

Answer 26

anyone with new bradyarrythmias or AV block especially with renal failure on haemodyalisis

Question 27

What are the three methods used to removeH+ from the body

Answer 27

• exhalation of carbon dioxide
• buffer systems
• kidney excretion of H+ ions