Week 7

Question 1

What happens to your insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 1

Type 1: No insulin is secreted from your beta cells Type 2: excess secretion of insulin over time you beta cells are exhausted and can not secrete.

Question 2

What is the OGTT and how does it work?

Answer 2

The OGTT is the oral glucose tolerance test used to test a patient for diabetes. It involves starving the patient, giving them an oral form of glucose, testing their glucose levels every 30 minutes and plotting the change on a graph. If diabetic the glucose level remains high for a longer period and takes a longer time to return to nasal level

Question 3

What does pyruvate kinase M2 cause?

Answer 3

An increase in lactate concentration. In anaerobic reaction the the substrates accumulate which can slow down steps.

Question 4

What does a decrease in PEP carboxykinase?

Answer 4

Prevents gluconeogenesis Causes ketouria

Question 5

What does a decrease in pyruvate kinase cause?

Answer 5

An accumulation of pyruvate, increases lactate (lactic acidosis) Causes Hypoglycaemia: increase in glycolysis to get energy

Question 6

Draw our Gluconeogenesis:

Answer 6

Question 7

What substrate of gluconeogensis can not cross the mitochondria membrane?

Answer 7

Oxaloacetate. Pyruvate crosses the membrane and is converted to oxaloacetate, than malate and asparate which CAN cross the mitochondria membrane.

Question 8

Draw out: Fructose metabolism

Answer 8

Question 9

Draw out: Galactose metabolism

Answer 9

Question 10

Is fructose metabolism regulated?

Answer 10

No as it enters via a concentration gradient It enters the glycolysis reaction at DHAP or Glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate

Question 11

What happens when excess fructose is consumed:

Answer 11

Fructosemia - Unregulated breakdown - Increases the use of ATP- causes you to feel lethargic - If a tumour has already developed the Timor size is increased with fructose - Abdominal pain - Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) - Increased lipogensis - Jaundice (yellow kidney) - Reduces coagulation of blood

Question 12

What happens when there is an insufficient: Aldolase B

Answer 12

Accumulation of F1P in the liver and the kidney Uses up ATP Hypoglycaemia Lactic acidosis

Question 13

What are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway:

Answer 13

NADPH: used to reduce ros (detoxify ros)

Question 14

What happens when there is an insufficient: Fructose kinase

Answer 14

Causes renal disfunction Fructosuria: Urinate out fructose

Question 15

Draw out the Cori Cycle:

Answer 15

:)