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Tinas Class > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system parts

A

The peripheral nervous system has two parts, motor, neurons, and sensory neurons

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3
Q

What two types of motor neurons are there in the nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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5
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Controls voluntary movements

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6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Controls involuntary responses, for example, digestion

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7
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Controls fight or flight response

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8
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

A

Rest and digest

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9
Q

What does an anticholinergic overdose look like?

A

High heart rate
High temperature
Dilated pupils
Absent bowel sounds
Dry skin

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10
Q

What does a cholinergic overdose look like?

A

Pinpoint pupils
Loud bowel sounds
Diaphoretic

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11
Q

What does an opioid overdose look like?

A

Low heart rate
Low respiratory rate
Low temperature
Pinpoint pupils
Absent bowel sounds
Dry skin

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12
Q

What does a sympathomimetic overdose look like

A

High heart rate
High respiratory rate
High temperature
Dilated pupils
Bowel sounds
Diaphoretic

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13
Q

What does a sedative-hypnotic overdose look like?

A

Low heart rate
Low respiratory rate
Low temperature
Absent bowel sounds
Dry skin

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14
Q

Where is acetaminophen absorbed and metabolized

A

Well-absorbed from the GI tract
Metabolized in liver

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15
Q

Acetaminophen excretion and half-life

A

Excretion:
Renal Excretion: The majority of acetaminophen and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys.

Half-life: The elimination half-life of acetaminophen is generally 1-3 hours in healthy individuals. However, in cases of overdose or liver impairment, the half-life can be significantly prolonged.

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen?

A

Acetaminophen works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) in the CNS specifically COX-2 which is involved in prostaglandin synthesis

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17
Q

What pain relieving affects does acetaminophen help

A

Moderate pain, including headaches, muscle aches, toothaches, and osteoarthritis pain

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18
Q

How does acetaminophen help fevers

A

Acetaminophen reduces fevers by acting on the hypothalamic heat regulated centre in the brain. It inhibits prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus.

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19
Q

How long does it take for acetaminophen to work?

A

Acetaminophen takes 30 minutes to work and peak affect around 1 to 2 hours

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20
Q

How long does acetaminophen last in the body?

A

4 to 6 hours

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21
Q

What is ASA’s class and route

A

Class: anti-platelet, NSAID, ANALGESIC
Route: PO

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22
Q

Where is aspirin absorbed?

A

Stomach and upper small intestine

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23
Q

Which protein does aspirin bind to?

A

Plasma proteins, especially albumin

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24
Q

What barriers can aspirin cross?

A

Aspirin crosses the placenta also found in breastmilk
Also crosses blood brain barrier

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25
Q

What is the half-life of aspirin?

A

15 to 20 minutes

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for aspirin?

A

Aspirin blocks COX –1 and COX – 2 enzymes which reduces the production of

  1. prostaglandins (chemicals that cause pain, fever, and inflammation) and
  2. thromboxane A2 ( which promotes blood clotting)
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27
Q

True or false ASA relieves pain

A

True: aspirin reduces, mild to moderate pain by lowering prostaglandin levels

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28
Q

How does aspirin’s anti-platelet affect work?

A

Aspirin prevents blood clot formation by blocking thromboxane A2 in platelets. Which is why it prevents heart attacks and strokes.

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29
Q

How long does it take for ASA to work?

A

It takes 15 to 30 minutes to work

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30
Q

What is the duration of ASA‘s effects?

A

The analgesic affect last for about 4-6 hours
The anti-platelet affect last from 7 to 10 days
The anti-inflammatory affects last 1 to 2 hours

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31
Q

What class and route is dexamethasone

A

Class: Corticosteroids
Route: PO/IV/IM

32
Q

Where is Dex absorbed?

A

GI tract

33
Q

When do the effects of Dex begin

A

1 – 2 hours after oral administration
IV administered is almost immediately

34
Q

What proteins does Dex bind to

A

70% bound to plasma proteins primarily albumin

35
Q

Which crossing barriers does Dex take

A

Blood brain barrier
Placenta
Present in breast milk

36
Q

Where is Dex metabolized?

A

Liver

37
Q

What is the half life of Dex

A

3-4.5 hours and can last up to 36-54 hours

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of dexamethasone?

A

Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid that binds to glucocorticoid receptors, regulating gene expression to reduce inflammation by decreasing cytokine and prostaglandin production and increasing anti-inflammatory proteins.

39
Q

How potent is dexamethasone as an anti-inflammatory?

A

It is about 25–30 times more potent than cortisol, making it highly effective in reducing swelling, redness, and pain.

40
Q

What are the immunosuppressive effects of dexamethasone?

A

It suppresses the immune system, helpful in autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection prevention. However, it increases infection risk.

41
Q

What are the metabolic effects of dexamethasone?

A

It promotes gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose levels, which can lead to hyperglycemia, especially in diabetics.

42
Q

How does dexamethasone affect the CNS?

A

It crosses the blood-brain barrier, reducing cerebral edema and being effective for brain tumors and head injuries.

43
Q

What is the duration of action for dexamethasone?

A

While its half-life is 3–4.5 hours, its effects last 36–54 hours due to prolonged receptor binding and sustained gene regulation.

44
Q

What is the class and route of dimenhydrinate?

A

Route: PO/IV
Class: antihistamine and Antiemetic

45
Q

How is dimenhydrinate absorbed after oral administration?

A

Absorbed quickly from the gastrointestinal tract

46
Q

How long does it take for dimenhydrinate to work?

A

Effects start within 15–30 minutes and peak at around 1 hour.

47
Q

Where is dimenhydrinate metabolized

A

It is metabolized primarily in the liver

48
Q

What is the mechanism of action of dimenhydrinate

A

Blocks H1 histamine receptors in the brain, especially in areas controlling the vomiting center and vestibular system (balance)

49
Q

How quickly does dimenhydrinate begin to work, and how long do its effects last?

A

Onset: Begins to work within 15–30 minutes when taken orally.
Duration: Effects typically last 4–6 hours,

50
Q

What are the anti-nausea and anti-emetic effects of dimenhydrinate?

A

Causes drowsiness due to its action on histamine and acetylcholine receptors.

51
Q

David hydramine class and route

A

Class: antihistamine
Route: PO/IV

52
Q

How is diphenhydramine absorbed and distributed in the body?

A

Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract

53
Q

How does diphenhydramine interact with plasma proteins and barriers?

A

• Protein Binding: 78–85% bound to plasma proteins (mainly albumin).
• Barriers: Crosses the blood-brain barrier (causing sedation), placenta, and is excreted in breast milk.

54
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diphenhydramine?

A

Blocks H1 histamine receptors to counteract allergic reactions.
• Has anticholinergic effects, blocking acetylcholine receptors, which reduce nausea and motion sickness but can cause sedation and dry mouth.

55
Q

What are the onset and duration of diphenhydramine’s effects?

A

Begins to work 15-30 mins and lasts 4-6 hours

56
Q

Epinephrin class and route

A

Class; sympathomimetic agent
Route: IM/IV/IH

57
Q

What is the duration and start of beginning effects of EPI

A

IN works immediately
IH 1-5 mins
Effects last around 5-10 mins (half like 2-3 mins)

58
Q

What barriers does EPI cross

A

Does not cross blood brain barrier but does affect CNS indirectly by influencing peripheral nervous system

59
Q

What is the mechanism of action of epinephrine?

A

Epinephrine is a non-selective adrenergic agonist, meaning it activates both alpha- and beta-receptors. Its effects are:
• Alpha-1 receptors: Constrict blood vessels, raising blood pressure and reducing swelling in anaphylaxis.
• Beta-1 receptors: Increases heart rate and the strength of heart contractions, important in cardiac arrest.
• Beta-2 receptors: Widens airways, helping with breathing in asthma attacks and anaphylaxis.

60
Q

Route and class or glucagon

A

Route IM
Class: glucose elevating agent

61
Q

How long does it take glucagon to work

A

IM: 5-15 min

62
Q

What does glucagon cross

A

Blood brain barrier

63
Q

What is the half life of glucagon

A

3-10 min

64
Q

How long do the effect of glucagon last

A

60-90 mins when given IM

65
Q

Route and class of Advil

A

Route po
Class: analgesic, NSAID

66
Q

How long does Advil last and when does it start

A

Advil lasts 4-6 hours and starts at 30 mins
Peak 1-2 hours

67
Q

Ketorolac route and class

A

Route: IM/IV
Class: antipyretic, NSAID

68
Q

Ketorolac route and class

A

Route: IM/IV
Class: antipyretic, NSAID

69
Q

How long does it take for ketorolac to kick in

A

Rapidly but peak effect in the 30-60 mins Effects last mark it stays in the body for 4-6 hours

70
Q

True or false: ketorolac passes the blood brain barrier

A

False

71
Q

Narcan route and class

A

Route: IV/IM/IN/SQ
Class: narcotic agonist

72
Q

Nitroglycerin class and route

A

Route: SL
Class: coronary vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxant, anti anginal

73
Q

Ondansetron route and class

A

Class: 5-ht3 antagonist
Route: po

74
Q

When does Ondansetron in and How long does it last

A

Kicks in at 30 mins up to to 2 hours and the effects last 4 to 12 hours

75
Q

Oxytocin

A
76
Q

Oxytocin

A

Tinas Class (11 decks)

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