week 7 Flashcards
extrinsic causes of restrictive lung disease 3
decr muscle tone due to neuromuscular issues
chest wall deformitites
obesity
pleural issues ex. pleural effusion, fibrosis
intrinsic causes of restrictive lung disease
interstitial lung disease
clinical signs of restrictive lung disease 4
reduced chest expansion
tachypnoa
decreased breathing sounds
inspiratory crackles aka velcro crackles
causes of interstitial lung disease (broad categories 5)
inorganic exposure
organic exposure
smoking
rare forms
idiopathic
asbestosis def
chronic lung inflammation and scarring due to inhalation of asbestos fibres
pleural disease definition (3 examples)
pleural diseases including pleural effusion, pleuritis and pleural plaques
what is the most common interstitial lung disease
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Mesothelioma
aggressive cancer
3 investigations for restrictive lung disease
ABG
CXR
Spirometry
how is a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis achieved
using a multi-disciplinary team
chest wall managements for restrictive lung disease 4
obesity = weight loss
kyphoscoliosis = surgery
oxygen therapy
physiotherapy
neuromuscular managements for restrictive lung disease 2
oxygen therapy
physiotherapy
interstitial lung disease managements for restrictive lung disease 3
oxygen therapy
antibiotic agents
lung transplantation
defences in resp system 3
mucous + cilia
dust cells in alveolar
type 1 pneumocytes
3 mechs by which resp defences can be comprimised
defective mucous clearance
dysfunctional cilia
lack of immune response
common causes of lung inflammation 6
infection
environmental pollutants
allergens
autoimmune
smoking
occupational exposure
pulmonary inflammation mech 3
detection of pathogens through PRRs initiating inflammation
Macrophages and dendritic cells respond to PAMPs by releasing cytokines
Cytokines attract other immune cells and cause vasodilation
3 steps in pulmonary inflammation resolution
removal of irritant
apoptosis of immune cells
proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes to restore structural integrity to alveoli
granuloma formation in chronic pulmonary formation
macrophages differentiate into epithelioid cells forming a compact cluster around the irritant
remain in the tissue disrupting normal structure and function and continually release inflammatory mediators causing damage
consequences of chronic pulmonary inflammation 3
scarring
fibrosis
granuloma formation
pharyngitis (def, aetiology -2, management -2, complications - 3)
Def: inflammation of pharynx
Aet: Mostly viral, 1/3 bacterial
Management: Antibiotics, tonsillectomy if severe
Complications scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerularnephritis
Otitis media (def, aetiology -2, management -2, complications - 2)
Def: presence of fluid in middle ear w inflammation
Aet: viral/bacterial
Management: analgesia and antibiotics
Complications OME and LOME
sinusitis (def, aetiology -1, management -3)
Def: inflammation of paranasal sinuses
Aet: Mainly viral
Management: analgesia, decongestants and antibiotics
Epiglottitis (def, diagnosis-2, management -2, complications - 1
Def: cellulitis of epiglottis and surrounding tissues
Diagnosis: inspection and lateral neck x-ray
Management: securing airway and antibiotic therapy
Complication: life threatening airway obstruction
lung cancer manifestations 5
hoarse voice
new cough
chest pain
hemoptysis
recurrent infection
non small cell lung cancer vs small cell lung cancer
NSCLC:
more common
slow
2 types
SCLC:
less common
fast progression
2 types of NSCLC
adenoma
squamous cell carinoma
TNM classification (def and criteria)
Def: indicates cancer severity, guiding treatment and prognosis
T= characteristics of primary tumour
N = number of lymph nodes affected
M = metastasis
Invetsigations in cancer (3 broad groups)
Blood test
Imaging: CXR, chest CT, PET
Biopsy:
BRonchoscopy, pleural aspirate, CT guided biopsy
key investigation in lung cancer diagnosis
CT chest
resp mech in quiet inspiration and expiration
quiet inspiration: diaphragm contracts external intercostals contract
quiet expiration: diaphragm relaxes and external intercostals relax
resp mech in forced inspiration and expiration
inspiration: accessory muscles contraction
expiration: abdominal muscle and intercostals contracting
role of the resp group 2
dorsal group = initiation of inspiration
ventral group = inspiration and expiration
apneustic group
deeper and prolonged inspiration
pneumotaxic
regulates rate and pattern
3 sets of tonsils
palantine - see these either side of uvula
pharyngeal - aka adenoids
lingual - behind tongue
digital health technology def
any technology to facilitate health servies including escripts, electronic records, telemedicine, wearable devices
do you find clubbing in interstitial lung disease
yes
what is interstitial lung disease
an umbrella term for several restrictive lung diseases
what are examples of interstitial lung disease 4
asbestosis
silicosis
connective tissue disorders manifested in the lung
idopathic pulmonary fibrosis
