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M1 > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what does bronchial circulation supply

A

the lung parenchyma

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2
Q

where does bronchial circulation originate from 2

A

thoracic aorta
3rd ICS artery

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3
Q

drainage of bronchial circulation

A

1/3 will drain straight into pulmonary veins
2/3rds will drain into azygous and hemiazygous veins

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4
Q

when do the internal interocostals work

A

during expiration

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5
Q

when do the external intercostals contract

A

inspiration

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6
Q

what are the 2 key functions of lymph drainage in the lungs

A

allows removals of pathogens
allows removal of excess fluid

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7
Q

process of normal cough breathing (5 key steps)

A
  1. stimulation of sensory fibres
  2. AP transmission by vagal nerve fibres
  3. enters nucleus of solitary tract
  4. communicates with nucleus of the central pattern generator
  5. modulates ventral respiratory tract which controls the motor neurons responsible for inspiration and expiration
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8
Q

alveolar and pleural pressure during inspiration

A

both negative

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9
Q

alveolar and pleural pressure during expiration

A

alveolar = positive
pleural = less negative

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10
Q

what are the 2 key characteristics that control breathing

A

lung compliance
airway resistance

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11
Q

work of breathing

A

energy required to overcome the airway resistance and compliance

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12
Q

transmural pressure def and what it determines

A

pressure across the chest wall

controls collapse and distension

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13
Q

transpulmonary pressure def and what it determines

A

pressure difference between alveoli and the pleura

determines the level of lung expansion

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14
Q

what does greater compliance look like on a pressure volume loop

A

steeper slope and to left

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15
Q

what does lesscompliance look like on a pressure volume loop

A

flatter slope and to right

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16
Q

what are the three components which produce airflow resistance

A

airways = vessel diameter
chest wall
pulmonary = lung elasticity

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17
Q

what control 2 groups control bronchodilation/constriction

A

vagal = bronchoconstriction
sympathetic = bronchodilation

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18
Q

what area of the lung will always recieve blood

A

the base as arterial pressure is always greater than pulmonary pressure

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19
Q

how much blood will zone 2 of the lungs gain

A

will only gain blood during systole

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20
Q

how much blood will zone 1 of the lungs gain (apices)

A

lack of blood flow as alveolar pressure greater than arterial pressure

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21
Q

what substances cause increased pulmonary vascular resistance

A

endothelin - causes smooth muscle contraction
catecholamines - cause vasoconstriction

22
Q

what substances cause a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance

A

adenosine
nitric oxide

23
Q

bohr effect

A

increased hydrogen and co2 will cause increased offloading of o2 in the tissues and increased o2 loading at the lungs

24
Q

haldane effect

A

the greater the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin the greater the release of carbon dioxide

25
Q

what will cause the HB oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right

A

increased co2
increased hydrogen
decreased pH
increased temp

26
Q

what affects diffusion capacity

A

surface area of diffusion surface
physical properties of diffusion surface

27
Q

what does a v/q of 0 mean

A

there is perfusion but no ventilation
indicates an intrapulmonary shunt

28
Q

what does a v/q of infinity look like

A

there is ventilation but no perfusion
indicates alveolar dead space

29
Q

where is the respiratory centre located

A

medulla

30
Q

what is the dorsal respiratory group important for

A

inspiration

31
Q

what is the ventral respiratory group important for

A

inspiration and expiration

32
Q

what is the apneustic pontine group important for

A

delays inspiratory off switch

33
Q

what is the pneumotaxic pontine group important for

A

limiting depth of breathing

34
Q

communication pathways of central and peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central = direct communication with respiratory centre
peripheral = communicate via the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerve

35
Q

j receptors (location, what they detect, what they cause)

A

near pulmonary capillaries, detect changes in pressure, cause tachypnoea

36
Q

what are the 3 forms of pulmonary function testing

A

spirometry
single breath diffusing capacity of carbon monixide
subdivisions of lung volume

37
Q

what does spirometry test for

A

obstructive and restrictive lung disease patterns

38
Q

what is an obstructive spirometry

A

FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced

39
Q

what is a restrictive spirometry

A

FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced or the samee
FVC is reduced

40
Q

what does subdivisions of lung volume test for

A

used as an indicator of static lung compliance

41
Q

what is static lung compliance

A

the change in lung volume per unit of pressure

42
Q

what does single breathing diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide test

A

diffusion capacity according to fick’s law

43
Q

what does high diffusion capacity mean 3

A

high haemoglobin
polycthaemia, erythrocytosis

44
Q

what does low diffusion capacity mean 4

A

reduced haemoglobin
anaemia, PE, emphysema

45
Q

what would be investigations for dyspnoea presentation 7

A

History
Resp exam
ECG
Troponin
CXR
PFT - Spirometry
CTPA

46
Q

function of concha

A

increase surface area for humidification, filtration and air warming

47
Q

negligence

A

failure to take resonable care resulting in injury

48
Q

battery

A

physical contact, medical examinations, treatments and interventions without consent

49
Q

medical tort

A

when a law suit is taken against a medical professional. It is filed under the grounds of negligence or battery

50
Q

anterior descending features of the larynx cartilage 5

A

hyoid bone
thyrohyoid membrane
thyroid cartilage
criothyroid membrane
cricoid cartulage

51
Q

posterior descending features of the larynx cartilage 4 (CCCA)

A

cunieform cartilage
corniculate cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage

M1 (13 decks)

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