Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M1 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the subsections of non rem sleep 4

A

alpha
beta
theta
delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what causes reduced breathing during sleep 4

A

reduced drive of breathing
reduced metabolic activity
increased airway resistance
decreased muscle tone of
intercostal muscles when lying down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

definition of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

cessation of airflow due to upper airway resistance and obstruction resulting in partial/complete collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three components required in diagnosis of sleep apnoea, which of these is key

A

blood oxygen testing
home sleep apnoea
polysomnography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is assessed in polysomnography 7

A

EMG
EOG
EEG
Pulse oximetry
Abdominal bands
Airflow
Microphone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mallampati score

A

evaluate the difficulty of incubation and severity of sleep apnoea based off the visibility of oral structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acute social and lifestyle implications of sleep apnoea 4

A

day somnolence
headaches
cognitive impairement
partners affected by snoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chronic complications of sleep apnoea

A

pulmonary hypertension
CVD disease
uncontrolled hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

central sleep apnoea

A

complete cessation of airflow due to lack of control from brainstem respiratory centres

no breathing with no chest or abdominal effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

causes of obstructive sleep apnoea

A

high BMI
large neck diameter
obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of central sleep apnoea

A

heart failure, drugs, neuromuscular disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 forms of management for sleep disordered breathing

A

CPAP
mandibular splint
surgery
lifestyle modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type 1 RF (def + reason why)

A

hypoxaemia
due to gas exchange failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type 2 RF (def + reason why)

A

hypercapnia
due to pump ventilation failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

reasons for gas exchange failure 5

A

fluid in alveoli
alveolar collapse
alveolar damage
pulmonary vascular narrowing
airway narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reasons for pulmonary ventilation failure 4

A

CNS depression
chest cage restriction
neuromuscular weakness
nerve dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what physiological responses from hypoxemia and hypercapnia 4

A

dyspnoea
tachypnoea
diaphoresis
accessory muscle usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hyopxic drive

A

innate mechanism to continue respiratory drive due to low oxygen levels, however as oxygen levels increased, increased offloading of co2 into the blood as a result of the haldane effect resulting in oxygen induced hyercapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

results of hypoxemia 3

A

hypoxia
lactic acidosis
organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

results of hypercapnia 3

A

cerebral dysfunction
cardiopulmonary effects
respiratory acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hypercapnia compensatory mechanism in acid base balance maintenance

A

kidneys increase bicarbonate levels which absorb carbon dioxide

hence bicarbonate levels determine whether T2RF is chronic or acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

treatment options for type 1 RF + type 2RF

A

oxygen therapy + controlled oxygen therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is non invasive ventilation?

A

BPAP machine which uses a higher positive pressure on inspiration and lower positive pressure on expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

types of oxygen therapy delivering methods

A

nasal specs aka nasal canula
CIG mask aka simple oxygen mask
high flow O2
non invasive ventilation aka BPAP
ECMO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO

A

draws blood from the patient and oxygenates it blood outside the body and removes CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ABG

A

will test oxygen, carbon dixoxide, pH and bicarbonate levels to distinguish between type 1+2 RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the ABG of asthma and COPD

A

hypoxaemia with likely hypercapnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

allergen triggered IgE reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

iGg or iGm antibodies bind to cell surface causing cell destruction

30
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

immune complex formation and deposition on tissues causing inflammation and destruction

31
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

delayed t cell activation response

32
Q

definition of atopy

A

genetic tendency to have an allergic immune response

33
Q

definition of allergy

A

an adverse reaction to a foreign substance provoking an excessive response

34
Q

role of environmental factors in atopic development

A

skews t helper cell levles to be overactive

35
Q

role of genetic factors in atopic disease development

A

polymorphisms increase allergic risk

36
Q

pathophysiology of atopic disease 6

A

allergen exposure
t cell response
cytokines release
activation of b cells
production of IgE antibodies
triggers eosinophil action and mast cell degranulation

37
Q

the different atopic disease (simple def) and the type of hypersensitivity reaction they are

A

asthma = chronic obstruction due to inflammation of the airways

atopic dermatitis = chronic skin condition associated with dry, scaly patches

allergic rhinitis = inflammation of the nasal mucosa

all type 1

38
Q

anaphylaxis symptoms 4

A

skin rashes
hypotension
upper airway obstruction and bronchosapsm
severe gastro symtpoms incl abdo pain

39
Q

acute bronchoconstriction pathways 2 (inflammatory mech and parasympathetic mech)

A

allergen->chemical mediators->bind to smooth muscle receptors->increase intracellualr calcium levels in muscle->smooth muscle contraction

parasympathetic activation->acetylcholine release->binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle

40
Q

different theories of asthma (Try and explain each)

A

lung inflammation
airway hyper-responsiveness
airway remodelling
mucous hypersecretion
increased eosinophils/neutrophils in airway lumen

41
Q

clinical symptoms asthma 4

A

wheezing
cough worse at night and morning
dyspnoea at night especially
chest tightness

42
Q

COPD pathomech 6

A

long term exposure to noxious particles resulting chronic inflammation of airways and lungs leading to progressive obstruction->conintinual particle exposure leads to continual inflammation, oxidative stress and progressive tissue damage

43
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

chronic inflammation of bronchi resulting in hyper-secretion of mucus, cough and airway narrowing

44
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar walls resulting in loss of elastic recoil

45
Q

clinical features of COPD 5

A

cough w thick sputum
dyspnoea worsens over time
chest tightness
cyanosis
barrel chest

46
Q

difference between COPD and asthma

A

Asthma: early onset, worse at morning and night, acute, wheeze, mainly unproductive cough

COPD: late onset, no daily variation in worsen, chronic, productive cough, cyanosis and barrel chest

47
Q

diagnosis of copd 4

A

history = chronic cough, dyspnoea, history of smoking
examination = barrel chest
pulmonary function test = spirometry
CXR for hyperinflammation

48
Q

pharmacological management in asthma

A

ICS->LABA+ICS and SABA for acute response

ICS = reduces inflammation by supressing cytokines

LABA and SABA = act on beta 2 receptors causing bronchodilation

49
Q

pharmacological management in COPD

A

LAMA->LAMA/LABA>ICS

LAMA and SAMA = short acting muscarinic antagonists block muscarinic receptors reducing bronchoconstriction

50
Q

does sympathetic or paraymspathetic stimulation cause bronchodilation of bronchoconstriction

A

sympathetic causes bronchodilation
parasympathetic causes
bronchoconstruction

51
Q

COPD team 3

A

respiratory physician
physiotherapist
nurse

52
Q

preventers in asthma

A

ICS and LABA

53
Q

relivers in asthma

A

SABA

54
Q

self management in COPD 4

A

lifestyle changes
regular physical activity
medication adherence
monitoring symptoms

55
Q

monoclonal antibodies in chronic airway disease+when its given

A

inhibit igE reducing inflammation cascade

used in patients who don’t respond to standard medication treatmenr

56
Q

horizontal fissure

A

5th to 4th rib mid axillar-anterior

57
Q

oblique fissure

A

t3 to 6th rib anteriorly

58
Q

inferior margins of lungs

A

anterior t6
laterally t8
posteriorly t10

59
Q

bronchopulmonary segement

A

portion of the lung supplied by its own pulmonary artery branch and bronchus

60
Q

what is the clinical significance of the bronchopulmonary segment

A

as each bronchopulmonary segement has their own supply its useful in understanding the spread of disease

61
Q

what innervates the parietal pleura 2

A

intercostal and phrenic nerve

62
Q

what is the blood supply of the parietal pleura 3

A

interocostal thoracic and phrenic arteries

63
Q

what is the blood supply of the visceral pleura 1

A

bronchial arteries

64
Q

the innervation of the lungs 2

A

phrenic nerve and pulmonary plexus

65
Q

where is the pulmonary plexus located

A

bifurcation of the trachea

66
Q

capacity definition 2

A

can comprehend and retain information
use and weigh information when deciding

67
Q

doctors role in occupational lung disease 3

A

determine the cause
evaluate the extent of impairment
act as an expert witness

68
Q

two types of compensation in occupational lung disease

A

common law
statutory law

69
Q

non clinical professionals in asthma and cOPd

A

occupational hygienist
environmental health officer
non clinical public health officer

70
Q
A
71
Q

Is their increased vocal resonance in pneumothorax and why

A

No because sound travels faster through solid then air

M1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions