Week 7 Flashcards
Two ways to acquire a brain injury
direct
indirect
Direct brain injury
from a disease
cells themselves cause the problem
Indirect brain injury
Something affecting the cells
trauma - something hitting head
blood supply
TBI - 3 ways to get it
head hitting something (car accident)
something hits the head (Punch to head)
non-contact injury (vibration)
Hypoxia
decreased blood supply
Anoxia
No blood supply
Coup
first site of impact for the brain
Contre-coup
opposite to the first hit site
More severe
Why see stars when hit in the head
hit in Occipital region
for sight
start seeing things from brain injury
Diffuse Axonal Injury
Widespread
range of symptoms due to numerous brain regions being affected
Indirect lesions
heart attack
vascular problems
aneurism
-oxia means…
oxygen
Injury to the neurons
Neuron is CNS
the neuron swells
neurons burst
cell contents can then cause secondary damage to surrounding tissue
What happens when a neuron bursts
cell contents are emptied into intercellular space
Injury to the blood vessels - blood vessel damage to the brain
no more blood to the brain
pooling of blood, increasing pressure in the brain
inflammation
swelling
increased pressure on the brain causing secondary damage
Encephalopathy
swelling caused by infection
swelling of meninges causing increased pressure on the brain
CNS Axon Injury
CNS cannot regenerate
no Schwann cells to mediate growth
difference between CNS and PNS
CNS
-lacks growth factors needed for
axon growth and regeneration
-CNS injuries have limited ability to
heal
PNS
-Contains growth factors that assist
with axon regeneration (Schwann
cells)
-PNS injuries can heal more effectively
Levels of consciousness - Coma
eyes are closed
patient is unaware of environment
can hear everything someone says though
Levels of consciousness - vegetative state
eyes open
unaware of environment
Levels of consciousness - how can eyes open?
regulated by brain stem
specifically ARAS
mechanisms of CNS Recovery
Axonal sprouting
activation of parallel pathways
Neurogenesis
Axonal sprouting
healthy axons that are left after damage grow new connections
Activation of parallel pathways
Activation of parallel pathways (rewriting)
neurons left take on new roles
strengthening
sensitization
synaptogenesis
Neurogenesis
growth of new neurons through mitosis
Only occurs in two places - hippocampus, olfactory
new neurons need stimulation
Effects of exercise of functional recovery
increases blood flow and oxygen to the brain
all conditions can be improved through exercise
Temporal lobe:
-helps stimulate the hippocampus
Frontal lobe
-planning, working memory
organization, focus (improved
concentration)
Neuroplasticity
Brain’s ability to reorganize itself
Therapy - forced use
Forcing client to use the affected side
will force rewiring in affected side (synaptogenesis
