Week 2 Flashcards
Cerebrum
composes 80% of brain
composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres
4 regions of cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
cerebral cortex & two primary cell types
where higher-level processing occurs
Granule cells
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
Interconnects regions within the cortex
Pyramidal
Connects the cortex to other areas of brain and spinal cord
Association fibers
interconnect parts of the same hemisphere
associate with the same side
commissural fibres
Connect L and R AKA Corpus collosum
projection fibers
projects to other areas -> brainstem, spinal cord
Internal capsule
contains projection fibers from many areas
frontal lobe’s 2 major functions
motor -> voluntary movements
thinking/planning
How does the brain control the body?
Right hemisphere controls left side of body
Left hemisphere controls right side of body
Homunculus
number of motor neurons for different muscles in body
Fine motor areas have….
Most neurons (hands, mouth, tongue)
Frontal lobe
Movement
supplementary motor area
plans the movement
stores how to do motor activities (riding bike)
Apraxia
planning deficit
Broca’s area
motor part of speech
aphasia
language disorder
located on left part of brain
expressive aphasia
can’t say what they want to say, but know what to say
prefrontal cortex is in charge of
thinking
planning
organizing
Orbitofrontal cortex
regulates emotions/impulses
prefrontal syndrome
loss of regulation
more impulsive
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
General intelligence
General intelligence - what is it?
ability to take what someone’s saying and you are working through it
analytical thinking
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
connects thoughts to emotions
can choose to regulate
part of the limbic system
injuries to ventromedial frontal cortex
may show apathy and have flat affect
Flat affect
no emotional response
parietal lobe
sensation
perception
sensation and perception
signal and making sense of signal
major functional regions of parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association area (stereognosis)
Primary somatosensory cortex
where you feel something
somatosensory association area
making sense of feeling
what does adding “association” to a term mean
making sense of whatever it is
somatosensory cortex
hands/face/tongue
most sensory neurons b/c we use them to explore the environment
sensory homunculus
how we explore our environment
stereognosis
recognize by touch
astereognosis
cannot recognize by touch
unilateral neglect
sensation neglect
motor neglect
Sensation neglect - where is it?
back of brain
motor neglect - where is it?
front of brain
parieto-temporal association cortex
abstract thought
posterior and inferior regions of parietal lobe
occipital lobe
vision
primary visual cortex controls…
always controls opposite side
sight
primary visual association cortex
what I am seeing
hemianopsia
loss of visual field L or R
damage to one side of visual cortex
cortical blindness
whole visual field is dark
damage to both sides of cortex
visual agnosia
can see it, but can’t make sense of what it is
damage to association area of brain
primary auditory cortex
hearing
auditory association cortex
what it means
what it is
inferotemporal cortex
recognizing faces, objects, colours
bottom of temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area
understanding language
receptive
prosopagnosia
damage to inferotemporal cortex
can’t recognize people by their faces even if they know them
Limbic system
olfactory cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
Olfactory cortex
perception of smell
Amygdala
involved with emotions (fear and anger)
accounts for increased HR BR BP when scared or mad
Hippocampus
Memory (long term)
can make new neurons
stress makes it worse
exercise makes it better (brings blood to brain)
Amnesia
can’t remember
anterograde
retrograde
Anterograde amnesia
can’t remember anything now
Retrograde amnesia
can’t remember anything from before the accident
can make new memories
diencephalon - composed of 4 parts
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
Thalamus
largest portion of diencephalon
sensory information, emotional responses
through brain
