Week 6 Flashcards
Cognition
Ability to think, plan and solve problems
Emotions
feelings and reaction responses to thoughts, beliefs or experiences
Cognitive cortex
Planning ahead
Exercising judgement
Reasoning
Problem solving
Analyzing
Planning things 3 steps
working memory: hold a thought in mind
consider different possibilities/solutions
Come up with action plan
Prefrontal cortex is in control of…
inhibition of impulses
Orbitofrontal cortex
Perseveration lesion
can’t focus on anything else/stuck on something
Use STOP method
STOP method
Stop what you’re doing
Take a breath
Take not of what you are feeling (Observe)
Proceed, make a choice
Limbic system
Emotional cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
inferotemporal cortex
cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Orbitofrontal cortex
Regulation of behaviours
- stubbing toe in public place vs. at home - what you’d say
Inferotemporal cortex
Faces
shapes
colours
Cingulate gyrus
all of the emotions
Hippocampus
Long-Term memory
Amygdala
Fear/anger
How does the emotional cortex help the cognitive cortex
helps make decisions
closely linked to decision making (cognitive)
linked to physiological system (hypothalamus)
cognition and emotion
Cognitive cortex can monitor and modify emotional responses
can regulate feelings
Internal emotions
your own emotions
2 way street - cognitive cortex knows how you’re feeling
1. emotions affect thinking
2. thinking regulates emotions
External emotions
monitoring other’s emotions/feelings
- facial expression
- body language
- mirror neurons
Mirror neurons
Perceive and understand body language
lesions affecting emotional cortex
in the amygdala
Flat affect
exaggerated emotional responses (decreased orbitofrontal regulation)
2 types of learning and memory
Declarative
Non-declarative
Declarative
Saying it
semantics - facts/figures
episodic - experiences
non-declarative
doing it - high five
emotional response - pre-programmed in brain, reacting in certain situations
four stages of declarative learning
acquisition
consolidation
storage
retrieval
Acquisition
taking it in (working memory)
deciding what to do with it
Consolidation
making sense of it
almost like sensation and perception
storage
putting memory somewhere
Retrieval
Getting the memory
Association areas
visual
auditory
olfactory
Memories are stored all over the brain and not just in one specific spot
Learning tips for students
full night’s sleep
aerobic exercise after studying
meaningful, focused, active repetition of material
Learning tips - what happens with a full night’s sleep
consolidation of memory during sleep
reinforcing pathways during sleep
learning tips - why do aerobic exercise after studying
stimulates blood flow and oxygen to the brain
stimulates hippocampus to work
Learning tips - doing something meaningful
engage the body and mind as much as possible
do something with the material
3 phases of motor learning
acquisition
storage
access
acquisition
practicing is a must
3 phases of motor learning - storage
motor skill memory
stored in supplementary motor area
don’t need the cognitive cortex
3 phases of motor learning - access
requires activation of motor cortex, SMA, cerebellum and basal ganglia
SMA
stores motor or skill memory
Short-term memory steps
strengthening
increased number of neurotransmitters and receptors
strengthening for STM
increased firing of synapses
AP getting something down that pathway
Increased # of neurotransmitters and receptors for STM
sensitization at the synapse
how long is Working memory
seconds to minutes
True STM
minutes to days
Difference between strengthening and sensitization
How do we learn?
When a synapse is fired repeatedly, the presynaptic neuron responds by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter molecules
This is sensitization
Long-Term memory
Synaptogenesis
Synaptogenesis
Making new synapses
Retrograde amnesia
memory loss of events occurring prior to injury
Posttraumatic amnesia
AKA anterograde amnesia
can’t recall events after injury
Wernicke’s receptive language area
processing the meaning of language
Broca’s area
expressive speech area
Broca’s and Wernicke’s area is found in which hemisphere
Left
Right hemisphere and communication
non-verbal
gestures
facial expressions
producing meaningful gestures
Broca’s area in R frontal lobe
non-verbal communication
Wernicke’s R parietal/temporal lobe
understanding non-verbal language
Global aphasia
wipes out both Wernicke and Broca’s area
Nervous system development stages
begins 18 days after fertilization
neural plate
neural groove
neural tube
neural crest
Neural tube
18-24 days, neural tube is the developed future brain and spinal cord
spina bifida
neural tube doesn’t completely close
Spina bifida cystica
failure of vertebral arches to close
Difference between Meningocele and myelomeningocele
Meningocele = involves just spinal fluid
Myelomeningocele = portions of the spinal cord bulge into the sac of meninges
what forms between 18-24 days in the neural tube
base of the brain are forming
cranial to caudal
what forms in neural tube within 3 months (12 weeks)
brain and spine is formed
Synaptogenesis
adding connections and adding myelin
Experiences
movement
tips for seniors to help with memory
exercise (increase blood flow/hippocampus)
diet
sleep
social interaction
challenging yourself
