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Fundamentals of Neurological structures > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

Ability to think, plan and solve problems

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2
Q

Emotions

A

feelings and reaction responses to thoughts, beliefs or experiences

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3
Q

Cognitive cortex

A

Planning ahead
Exercising judgement
Reasoning
Problem solving
Analyzing

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4
Q

Planning things 3 steps

A

working memory: hold a thought in mind
consider different possibilities/solutions
Come up with action plan

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5
Q

Prefrontal cortex is in control of…

A

inhibition of impulses
Orbitofrontal cortex

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6
Q

Perseveration lesion

A

can’t focus on anything else/stuck on something

Use STOP method

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7
Q

STOP method

A

Stop what you’re doing
Take a breath
Take not of what you are feeling (Observe)
Proceed, make a choice

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8
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
inferotemporal cortex
cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

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9
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Regulation of behaviours
- stubbing toe in public place vs. at home - what you’d say

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10
Q

Inferotemporal cortex

A

Faces
shapes
colours

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11
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

all of the emotions

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12
Q

Hippocampus

A

Long-Term memory

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

Fear/anger

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14
Q

How does the emotional cortex help the cognitive cortex

A

helps make decisions
closely linked to decision making (cognitive)
linked to physiological system (hypothalamus)

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15
Q

cognition and emotion

A

Cognitive cortex can monitor and modify emotional responses
can regulate feelings

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16
Q

Internal emotions

A

your own emotions
2 way street - cognitive cortex knows how you’re feeling
1. emotions affect thinking
2. thinking regulates emotions

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17
Q

External emotions

A

monitoring other’s emotions/feelings
- facial expression
- body language
- mirror neurons

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18
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Perceive and understand body language

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19
Q

lesions affecting emotional cortex

A

in the amygdala
Flat affect
exaggerated emotional responses (decreased orbitofrontal regulation)

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20
Q

2 types of learning and memory

A

Declarative
Non-declarative

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21
Q

Declarative

A

Saying it
semantics - facts/figures
episodic - experiences

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22
Q

non-declarative

A

doing it - high five
emotional response - pre-programmed in brain, reacting in certain situations

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23
Q

four stages of declarative learning

A

acquisition
consolidation
storage
retrieval

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24
Q

Acquisition

A

taking it in (working memory)
deciding what to do with it

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25
Q

Consolidation

A

making sense of it
almost like sensation and perception

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26
Q

storage

A

putting memory somewhere

27
Q

Retrieval

A

Getting the memory

28
Q

Association areas

A

visual
auditory
olfactory

Memories are stored all over the brain and not just in one specific spot

29
Q

Learning tips for students

A

full night’s sleep
aerobic exercise after studying
meaningful, focused, active repetition of material

30
Q

Learning tips - what happens with a full night’s sleep

A

consolidation of memory during sleep
reinforcing pathways during sleep

31
Q

learning tips - why do aerobic exercise after studying

A

stimulates blood flow and oxygen to the brain
stimulates hippocampus to work

32
Q

Learning tips - doing something meaningful

A

engage the body and mind as much as possible
do something with the material

33
Q

3 phases of motor learning

A

acquisition
storage
access

34
Q

acquisition

A

practicing is a must

35
Q

3 phases of motor learning - storage

A

motor skill memory
stored in supplementary motor area
don’t need the cognitive cortex

36
Q

3 phases of motor learning - access

A

requires activation of motor cortex, SMA, cerebellum and basal ganglia

37
Q

SMA

A

stores motor or skill memory

38
Q

Short-term memory steps

A

strengthening
increased number of neurotransmitters and receptors

39
Q

strengthening for STM

A

increased firing of synapses
AP getting something down that pathway

40
Q

Increased # of neurotransmitters and receptors for STM

A

sensitization at the synapse

41
Q

how long is Working memory

A

seconds to minutes

42
Q

True STM

A

minutes to days

43
Q

Difference between strengthening and sensitization

A
44
Q

How do we learn?

A

When a synapse is fired repeatedly, the presynaptic neuron responds by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitter molecules

This is sensitization

45
Q

Long-Term memory

A

Synaptogenesis

46
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Making new synapses

47
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

memory loss of events occurring prior to injury

48
Q

Posttraumatic amnesia

A

AKA anterograde amnesia
can’t recall events after injury

49
Q

Wernicke’s receptive language area

A

processing the meaning of language

50
Q

Broca’s area

A

expressive speech area

51
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area is found in which hemisphere

A

Left

52
Q

Right hemisphere and communication

A

non-verbal
gestures
facial expressions
producing meaningful gestures

53
Q

Broca’s area in R frontal lobe

A

non-verbal communication

54
Q

Wernicke’s R parietal/temporal lobe

A

understanding non-verbal language

55
Q

Global aphasia

A

wipes out both Wernicke and Broca’s area

56
Q

Nervous system development stages

A

begins 18 days after fertilization
neural plate
neural groove
neural tube
neural crest

57
Q

Neural tube

A

18-24 days, neural tube is the developed future brain and spinal cord

58
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube doesn’t completely close

59
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

failure of vertebral arches to close

60
Q

Difference between Meningocele and myelomeningocele

A

Meningocele = involves just spinal fluid

Myelomeningocele = portions of the spinal cord bulge into the sac of meninges

61
Q

what forms between 18-24 days in the neural tube

A

base of the brain are forming
cranial to caudal

62
Q

what forms in neural tube within 3 months (12 weeks)

A

brain and spine is formed

63
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

adding connections and adding myelin
Experiences
movement

64
Q

tips for seniors to help with memory

A

exercise (increase blood flow/hippocampus)
diet
sleep
social interaction
challenging yourself

Fundamentals of Neurological structures (7 decks)

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