week 7 Flashcards
Attachment:
the long lasting emotional reciprocal bond/relationship between caregiver and child
Still face experiment by Edward Tronick-
attachment behaviour: seeking proximity and closeness to each other and trying to make contact
The Monkeys of Harry Harlow -
Monkeys spent significantly more time with cloth mother.
other research also supported the need for bodily contact. Cuddling, massaging babies leads to quicker development, more endorphins/oxytocin, lower blood pressure and less stress
What determines quality of attachment?
- Behaviour of caregiver is the key factor
Sensitivity: the measure in which a parent picks up the signals of the child and interprets them correctly
Responsivity: the measure in which a parent responds fast and effective to the signals
Characteristics of attachment according to Bowlby
- child tries to seek proximity
- parent can easily comfort her child
- parent is a safe haven for exploration
- separation anxiety (remember object permanence)
5 phases in the development of attachment
0-3 months: no differentiation; child makes no distinction between familiar and unfamiliar persons
3-7 months: slight preference for attachment figure
7-12 months: extreme preference for attachment figure (separations anxiety/stranger distress) > object permanence
1-4yrs: separation distress decreases. will start to form strong bonds with other people as well
from 4yrs on: attachment behaviour decreases, but not the attachment
Strange situation test - Mary Ainsworth
- child and parent in observation room
- parent does nothing, child is able to explore room
- stranger enters, conversation with parent, approaches the child and parent leaves
- stranger and child alone
- parent returns(reunion), stranger leaves. Parent tries to comfort child. Parent leaves
- Child is alone
- Stranger returns, approaches child
- Parent returns, stranger leaves (reunion)
Type A - anxious avoidant attachment (10%)
- mainly explorations, also during absence of the caregiver
- no approach behaviour when caregiver return
Type B - secure attachment (60-70%)
- exploration and approaching are in balance
- increasing exploration during presence of caregiver
- distress when caregiver is absent
- approach behaviour when caregiver returns, quickly resumes exploration
Type C - anxious ambivalent attachment (20%)
- little exploration
- extreme distress when caregiver is absent
- ambivalent approach behaviour when caregiver returns (anger/clinging)
- barely resumes exploration
Type D - Disorganized attachment (10%)
- chaotic, contradictory, often bizarre and fearful attachment behaviour in the presence of caregiver
- intense sadness during absence of caregiver but:
- upon return “freezing” (like a deer in a headlight)
Authoritarian parenting style
- strong control and a lot of rules: “because i say so”
- cold and distant (top down hierarchy and maybe punishment)
Permissive (indulgent) parenting style
- little control and few rules “if you want that, then it’s ok”
- Warm and a lot of attention (too much attention and few rules/structure)
Authoritative parenting style
- strong control and a lot of rules: “I understand, but”
- warm and a lot of attention
Uninvolved(neglectful) parenting style
- little control and few rules: “figure it out”
- cold and distant (parent may be caught up in own problems)
results authoritative parenting:
more confidence
independence
happier
more successful
results permissive and uninvolved parenting
less mature/ stress-resistant
impulsive
dependant
results authoritarian parenting:
insecure
nervous
less independant
goodness of fit
one parenting style may be functional with certain temperament, but less efficient in other situations
cultural differences in parenting
we see the different cultural views about the nature of children and about the role of a parent
the cultural context has to be taken into consideration
individualistic culture
- parenting aimed at: autonomy, confidence, negotiation, explaining, stimulating and development
- emotional and material investment in children
- family structure of independently living families
- immediate family members have close contact with each other; bonds with outside family members are less close
- mostly a permissive parenting style (shifting more towards authoritative)
collectivistic culture
- parenting aimed at obedience, respect and conformism
- loyalty towards family and a group
- maintaining social cohesion within family
- emotional and material investment in parents
- mutual dependence between family members and different generations
- mostly an authoritarian parenting style
