week 7

Question 1

What is the definition of attention?

Answer 1

the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect/target in the environment while ignoring others

Question 2

What is an example of selective attention?

Answer 2

Dichotic listening

Question 3

What is dichotic listening?

Answer 3

Listening to two or more stimuli but only focusing on one one stimuli

Question 4

what is inattention blindness?

Answer 4

being asked to focus on a particular stimuli in the environment which cause some critical stimuli to be missed

Question 5

What is in-attentional blindness

Answer 5

The focus of attention causes some critical stimuli to be missed

Question 6

What is change blindness?

Answer 6

the focus of attention causes a change in scene to be missed

Question 7

What is the flicker paradigm?

Answer 7

two images in succession

with a short blank screen in between.

Question 8

Why is the Flicker Paradigm cause blindness?

Answer 8

visual systems are geared to view continuous motion

deliberate search is required with a blank screen

Question 9

What is attentional blink?

Answer 9

the tendency to not respond to the second of two stimuli

Question 10

What is the early selective model of attention?

Answer 10

.

Question 11

Describe the early selective model of attention?

Answer 11

a stimuli receives initial sensory processing
unattended channel filtered out early
unattended channel content completely unavailable

Question 12

What is the attenuator model of attention?

Answer 12

.

Question 13

what is difference between the attenuator model of attention and the early selective model?

Answer 13

Different types of filter applied
instead of all or nothing filter
attenuating = reduce the force, effect or value of

Question 14

Describe the attenuator model?

Answer 14

allows for initially unattended stimuli to gain attention.

Question 15

what are the two aspects of attention control?

Answer 15

Top-down

bottom-up

Question 16

What is top down attention?

Answer 16

deliberate/intentional attention

Question 17

What is bottom-up attention?

Answer 17

attention gabbed involuntarily

Question 18

characteristics of Top down attention?

Answer 18

deliberate 
effortful
slow 
limited capacity 
Flicker paradigm

Question 19

Characteristics of the bottom- up attention ?

Answer 19

reflex
automatic 
fast 
high capacity
Cocktail party effect

Question 20

Characteristics of the bottom- up attention ?

Answer 20

reflex
automatic 
fast 
high capacity
flinker paradigm

Question 21

What is contingent capture?

Answer 21

the unintentional shift of attention to a distractor that is relevant to the task.

Question 22

What is the relationship between top-down and bottom-up attention?

Answer 22

bottom up tasks (contingent capture) didn’t not correlate with the performance of the top down task.(serial visual search) this dissociation suggests the two types of attention are largely independent.

Question 23

What is neurophysiological evidence for attention control?

Answer 23

brain imagining and single cell recording studies.

frontal cortex and the parietal cortex

Question 24

What happens if there are lesions and brain injury?

Answer 24

partial lobe damage leads to visual field neglect.

Question 25

What area of the brain does ADHD impair?

Answer 25

Fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuits

Question 26

Describe the single neutron recording?

Answer 26

Bottom-up target lateral intraparietal area in the parietal cortex
top-down first occurs in the frontal cortex

Question 27

what is value-driven attention control

Answer 27

the importance of the stimuli associated with reward

Question 28

What is the realtionship between eye gaze and attention?

Answer 28

direction of gaze aligns with direction of attention

Question 29

Describe the Attention spotlight

Answer 29

• attention moves around and allows us to selectively attend to parts of the visual world
• enhanced processing/detection
• zoom lens where focus can be adjusted

Question 30

What is overt attention?

Answer 30

Focus of gaze is focus of attention

Question 31

What is covert attention?

Answer 31

Focus of gaze is not the focus of attention

Question 32

What is a valid cue?

Answer 32

when stimulus occurs at the cues portion = faster RT

Question 33

What is an invalid cue?

Answer 33

when stimulus occurs at an un-cued position = slower RT

Question 34

If the cue-target is 0 ms, then:

Answer 34

No advantage, insufficient time to shift attention

Question 35

If the cue target is 100-150ms then:

Answer 35

peak attention cueing (facilitation)

helps shift target

Question 36

If the cue-target gap is 300-500ms, then:

Answer 36

inhibition of return (attention won’t return to cue location too quickly)

Question 37

What does feature integration theory solve?

Answer 37

The binding problem

Question 38

What is the binding problem?

Answer 38

items that are encoded by different brain areas can be combined for perception, decision, and action