Week 12 Flashcards
What is stimulus of odorants?
airborne molecules or vapours
must be volatile
must be hydrophobic
what are the two ways to smell
through nose or mouth
Olfactory epithelium has cilia that gives info to the cortex
______ Delivers samples of clear, humidified air containing either a calibrated amount of odorant or no odorant at all
olfactometer
Olfactory receptors neurones of a specific type all project to common pairs of :
Glomeruli
What is odour intensity?
increased concentration can change odour quality (putrid) while week concentration can be pleasant
What is odour intensity?
increased concentration can change odour quality (putrid) while week concentration can be pleasant
Prolonged exposure to an odour leads to a :
reduction on sensitivity
What is receptor adaption?
short term and rapid recovery odour adaption reduces intensity by 30 %
What is cognitive habituation?
long term loss of sensitivity to permanent odours
What are odour hedonic?
odour aversions/pleasantness familiarity coded in the amygdala and orbital-frontal cortex
learnt
emotional association for the amygdala
What is Total anosmia?
can come from a blow on the head probably shears off the receptors
What is the common chemical or trigeminal sense?
signals the presence of irritants in both nose and mouth
carbon dioxide does not stimulate olfactory receptors and therefore:
Cant be smelt on its own
What is taste?
Gustation and must be soluble in saliva
What are the four basic taste?
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
What is the papillae ?
The bumps on the tongue
folded mucus membrane
How many last taste bunds on the Tonge?
6K
each taste bud has 1-200 papilla
Where do the signals in taste buds go?
initial stages are different to olfaction
but the primary taste cortex
then latter stages are similar
how does temperature change taste?
increasing temp = - increase sweetness
-decrease bitterness
-decrease saltness
Vice versa
What is adaptation process in the taste?
exposure reduces the sensitivity temporally
How does input from cognition change taste?
Vision: coloured food
Price: higher equals better
sound: mouth feels
What contributes to the sense of flavour?
it increases taste sensation
_______ olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing.
Orthonasal; retronasal
If you taste the fruit characteristics of a fine wine, what kind of olfaction are you engaging in?
Retronasal
_______ is the total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma.
Anosmia
Each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two
glomeruli
Cutting onions makes you cry because chemicals in the onions
create a burning sensation via the trigeminal nerve.
The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that
odorants’ shapes fit into the olfactory receptors’ shapes.
_______ is the sensation evoked by solutions that contact receptors in the tongue, while _______ includes the former and also retronasal olfaction.
Taste; flavor
The reason that food tastes bland if you have a cold is that your sinuses are usually stuffed, which restricts airflow through the nose and prevents
retronasal olfaction
Which papillae could be completely removed from the tongue (hypothetically!) with no impact on taste?
Filiform
