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Applied Kinesiology > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

gait cycle

A
  • from initial heel contact of one foot to heel contact of the same foot
  • aka stride
  • has 2 steps
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2
Q

stride length

A
  • distance between 2 successive heel contacts of the same foot
  • normal - 1.51 m for males and 1.32 for females
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3
Q

step length

A

Distance between successive heel contacts of 2 different feet

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4
Q

Degree of toe-out

A
  • Angle between line of progression of the body and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
  • normal - 5-7 degrees
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5
Q

step width

A
  • Lateral distance between heel centers of 2 consecutive foot contacts
  • average is 7-10 cm
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6
Q

stride time

A

Time for a full gait cycle

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7
Q

step time

A

Time for completion of a R or a L step

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8
Q

cadence

A
  • aka step rate
  • # of steps per minute
  • normal - 108 steps/min for males and 118 steps/min for females
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9
Q

walking speed

A
  • Distance covered in a given amount of time

- normal - 1.37 m/sec for males and 1.30 m/sec for females

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10
Q

What is the best and most functional measurement of individuals walking ability?

A

walking speed

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11
Q

What % of time is spent in stance phase while walking?

A

60%

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12
Q

What % of time is spent in swing phase while walking?

A

40%

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13
Q

What % of time is spent in single-limb support while walking?

A

80%

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14
Q

What % of time is spent in double-limb support while walking?

A

20%

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15
Q

What % of time is spent in stance phase while running?

A

30%

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16
Q

What % of time is spent in swing phase while running?

A

70%

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17
Q

What % of time is spent in single-limb support while running?

A

60%

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18
Q

What % of time is spent in float period while running?

A

40%

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19
Q

What % of time is spent in double-limb support while running?

A

0%

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20
Q

What are the 8 stages of gait?

A

1) initial contact
2) loading response
3) midstance
4) terminal swing
5) preswing
6) initial swing
7) mid swing
8) terminal swing

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21
Q

What stages of gait occur during stance?

A

1) initial contact
2) loading response
3) midstance
4) terminal swing
5) preswing

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22
Q

What stages of gait occur during swing?

A

6) initial swing
7) mid swing
8) terminal swing

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23
Q

What are the 3 functional tasks of gait?

A
  • weight acceptance
  • single limb support
  • swing limb advancement
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24
Q

What phases of gait are associated with weight acceptance?

A

1) initial contact

2) loading response

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25
Q

What phases of gait are associated with single limb support?

A

3) midstance

4) terminal stance

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26
Q

What phases of gait are associated with swing limb advancement?

A

5) preswing
6) initial swing
7) mid swing
8) terminal swing

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27
Q

What are the accomplishments of weight acceptance?

A
  • forward progression
  • stability
  • shock absorption
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28
Q

What are the accomplishments of single limb support?

A
  • stability

- forward progression

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29
Q

What are the accomplishments of swing limb advancement?

A
  • foot clearance

- limb advancement

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30
Q

In what direction is the center of mass (CoM) displaced?

A
  • forward direction
  • vertical direction
  • side-to-side direction
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31
Q

What is normal CoM vertical displacement?

A

~ 5 cm

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32
Q

What is normal CoM side-to-side displacement?

A

~ 4 cm

33
Q

When is CoM at its lowest during vertical displacement?

A

midpoint of both periods of double-limb support

34
Q

When is CoM at its highest during vertical displacement?

A

midpoint of both periods of single limb support

35
Q

When is maximum right shift during side-to-side displacement?

A

end of midstance

36
Q

When is maximum left shift during side-to-side displacement?

A

midswing of right leg

37
Q

define initial contact phase

A

the moment when the foot contacts the ground

38
Q

What “rocker” is associated with initial contact

A

heel rocker (1st rocker) - when calcaneus contacts surface

39
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during initial contact?

A
  • hip - 20 degrees of flexion
  • knee - 5 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 0 degrees of dorsiflexion
40
Q

What is the critical event during initial contact?

A

heel first contact - foot rotates forward using heel as fulcrum

41
Q

define the loading response phase

A

weight is rapidly transferred onto the outstretched limb, the first period of double-limb support

42
Q

What “rocker” is associated with the loading phase

A

heel rocker continues

43
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during the loading response?

A
  • hip - 20 degrees of flexion
  • knee - 15 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 5 degrees of plantarflexion
44
Q

What is the critical event during the loading response?

A

Hip stability, controlled knee flexion & ankle plantarflexion

45
Q

define the mid stance phase

A

the body progresses over a single, stable limb

46
Q

What “rocker” is associated with mid stance?

A

ankle rocker (2nd rocker) - when tibia rotates forward over talus

47
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during mid stance?

A
  • hip - 0 degrees
  • knee - 5 degrees of flexion
  • 5 degrees of dorsiflexion
48
Q

What is the critical event during mid stance?

A

controlled tibial advancement

49
Q

define the terminal stance phase

A
  • progression over the stance limb continues

- the body moves ahead of the limb and weight is transferred onto the forefoot

50
Q

What “rocker” is associated with terminal stance?

A

Forefoot rocker (3rd rocker) - heel lifts off surface and mid & hindfoot rotate about the extending MTP joints

51
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during terminal stance?

A
  • hip - 20 degrees of apparent hyperextension
  • knee - 5 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 10 degrees of dorsiflexion
52
Q

What is the critical event during terminal stance?

A

controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise

53
Q

define the preswing phase

A

rapid unloading of the limb occurs as weight is transferred to the contralateral limb, the second part of double limb support

54
Q

What “rocker” is associated with preswing?

A

toe rocker (4th rocker) - limb is unloading and weight is transferred to contralateral limb resulting in hallux MTP joint extension to 50 degrees

55
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during preswing?

A
  • hip - 10 degrees of apparent hyperextension
  • knee - 40 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 15 degrees of plantarflexion
56
Q

What is the critical event during preswing?

A

Passive knee flexion to 40 degrees & ankle plantarflexion

57
Q

define the initial swing phase

A

the thigh begins to advance as the foot comes up off the floor

58
Q

What “rocker” is associated with initial swing phase?

A

None

59
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during initial swing phase?

A
  • hip - 15 degrees of flexion
  • knee - 60 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 5 degrees of plantarflexion
60
Q

What is the critical event during initial swing?

A

Hip flexion to 15 degrees and knee flexion to 60 degrees

61
Q

define the mid swing phase

A
  • the thigh continues to advance as the knee begins to extend
  • foot clears the ground
62
Q

What “rocker” is associated with mid swing?

A

None

63
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during mid swing?

A
  • hip - 25 degrees of flexion
  • knee - 25 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 0 degrees
64
Q

What is the critical event during mid swing?

A

Further hip flexion to 25 degrees and ankle dorsiflexion to 0 degrees

65
Q

define the terminal swing phase

A

the knee extends and the limb prepares to contact the ground for initial contact

66
Q

What “rocker” is associated with terminal swing?

A

None

67
Q

What is ROM of Hip/Knee/Ankle during terminal swing?

A
  • hip - 20 degrees of flexion
  • knee - 5 degrees of flexion
  • ankle - 0 degrees
68
Q

What is the critical event during terminal swing?

A

Knee extension to neutral (possibly 5 degrees of flexion)

69
Q

What % of the gait cycle is each phase?

A

1) initial contact - 0%
2) loading response - 0-12%
3) midstance - 12-31%
4) terminal swing - 31-50%
5) preswing - 50-62%
6) initial swing - 62-75%
7) mid swing - 75-87%
8) terminal swing - 87-100%

70
Q

What is the term “rocker” describing?

A

the fulcrum of which the body is moving over

71
Q

In loading response, which motions of the hip, knee and ankle contribute to shock absorption?

A
  • plantarflexion
  • knee flexion
  • pronation
  • hip adduction
72
Q

Summarize what is happening at the hip in the sagittal plane during the gait cycle.

A
  • hip is flexed at initial contact and moves into extension
  • max hip extension occurs at the end terminal stance
  • hip flexion is then started and moves into further flexion during swing
73
Q

How many degrees of hip flexion and extension are needed for normal gait?

A

30 degrees of hip flexion and 10 degrees of hip extension

74
Q

Summarize what is happening at the knee in the sagittal plane during the gait cycle.

A
  • knee is flexed ~5 degrees at initial contact and continues to flex 10-15 degrees for shock absorption
  • knee goes to full extension when heel comes off ground then moves into flexion
75
Q

How many degrees of knee flexion occur at pre-swing?

A

40 degrees

76
Q

What is max knee flexion and in what phase does it occur?

A

60 degrees in initial swing

77
Q

Summarize what is happening at the ankle in the sagittal plane during the gait cycle.

A
  • initial contact, ankle in plantarflexion the moves to flat foot
  • as tibia moves forward over foot, ankle moves up to 10 degrees of dorsiflexion
  • as heel comes off, ankle plantarflexes to max of 15-20 degrees
  • then ankle dorsiflexes during swing to clear foot
78
Q

How many degrees of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are needed for normal gait?

A
  • dorsiflexion - ~10 degrees

- plantarflexion - ~20 degrees

Applied Kinesiology (7 decks)

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