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Applied Kinesiology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Define static and dynamic posture.

A

static - not moving posture

dynamic - moving posture

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2
Q

Define base of support and center of gravity/center of mass.

A

BoS - area bounded posteriorly by tips of heels and anteriorly by tips of toes

CoG - point where mass of body is centered

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3
Q

What systems play a role in postural control?

A

Afferent

  • proprioceptive
  • vestibular
  • visual

Efferent
- muscular contraction

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4
Q

What are reactive responses?

A
  • compensatory

- occur as reactions to external forces that displace the body’s CoM

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5
Q

What are proactive responses?

A
  • anticipatory

- occur in anticipation of internally generated destabilizing forces

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6
Q

What may happen to posture when an individual has altered or absent inputs? What are some examples of altered or absent inputs?

A

altered posture and stability is compromised

ex: decreased sensation of the lower extremities or post injury

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7
Q

What may happen to posture when an individual has altered or absent outputs? What are some examples of altered or absent outputs?

A
  • compromise posture

ex: inability of muscles to respond appropriately to signals from CNS due to a neuromuscular disorder

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8
Q

What are sensory perturbations?

A

perturbations that may be caused by altering visual input

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9
Q

What are mechanical perturbations?

A

displacement causing changes in the relationship of the body’s CoM to BoS

ex: leaning forward to the point you have to step forward to catch yourself

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10
Q

What are fixed support synergies/strategies?

A

Centrally organized patterns of muscle activity that occur in response to perturbations of standing postures

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11
Q

What are ankle strategies?

A

Discrete bursts of muscle activity that occur in a distal-to-proximal pattern

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12
Q

What are hip strategies?

A

Discrete bursts of muscle activity that occur in a proximal-to-distal pattern

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13
Q

What are change-in-support strategies?

A

movement to counteract large perturbations

  • stepping strategies
  • grasping strategies
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14
Q

What are stepping strategies?

A

forward, backward, or sidewise steps to increase BoS after large perturbation

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15
Q

What are grasping strategies?

A

using one’s hands to grab a fixed surface after a large perturbation

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16
Q

What are internal forces vs external forces?

A

Internal forces - produced by muscle activity and passive tension in ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules

External forces - inertia, gravity, and ground reaction forces

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17
Q

Define ground reaction force

A

force of the ground pushing back on the body in standing

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18
Q

Define Line of Gravity

A

Line extending from center of gravity to the base of support

19
Q

Define Center of Pressure

A
  • Point of application of the GRFV – ground reaction force

- Located between the feet in bilateral stance

20
Q

Describe the relationship of the position of the LOG and a joint axis

A

LoG THROUGH a joint = no torque

LoG at a DISTANCE = external gravitational moment

21
Q

What impacts the magnitude and direction of the external moment?

A

Magnitude of the external moment increases as the distance between the LoG and joint axis increases

Direction depends on the location of the LoG in relation to the joint axis

22
Q

Describe the alignment associated with ideal standing posture from a side view

A
  • through external auditory meatus
  • midway through the shoulder
  • slightly posterior to hip
  • slightly anterior to knee
  • slightly anterior to lateral malleolus
23
Q

Describe the alignment associated with ideal standing posture from a posterior view

A

Midline

  • Head
  • Spine
  • Feet evenly spaced

Shoulder and scapula

  • Scapulae lie flat on the thorax
  • Approximately between T2 and T7
  • Approximately 4 inches apart
  • Shoulder ipsilateral to handedness is often lower – dominant hand shoulder is typically lower
24
Q

Describe the alignment associated with ideal standing posture from an anterior view

A

Alignment of Knees

  • Patellae face directly forward
  • Slight physiological valgus

Alignment of Ankles
- Neutral- neither supinated or pronated

Alignment of Feet

  • Heels separated by about 3 inches
  • Out-toeing 8° - 10°
25
Q

Where does LoG fall at lateral malleolus and what direction is the external moment? What is the internal moment?

A

LoG - slightly anterior

external moment - dorsiflexion

internal moment - plantarflexion

26
Q

Where does LoG fall at the knee and what is the direction of the external moment? What is the internal moment?

A

LoG - anterior

external moment - extension

internal moment - flexion

27
Q

Where does LoG fall at the hip and what is the direction of the external moment? What is the internal moment?

A

LoG - posterior

external moment - extension

internal moment - flexion

28
Q

Where is LoG during swayback posture and what does this cause?

A

through the body of L5 causing slight extension moment

- creates shear ere is force rather than torque

29
Q

Where does LoG fall at the head and neck and what is the direction of the external moment? What is the internal moment?

A

LoG - through external auditory meatus, anterior to axis for head

external moment - flexion of cervical spine

internal moment - extension of cervical spine

30
Q

Where is the plumb line aligned in a side view? Where is the plumb line aligned in a posterior view?

A

side view
- just anterior to lateral malleolus

posterior view
- equidistant from each heel

31
Q

Describe alignment associated with Kyphotic-Lordotic Posture

A
  • Head: forward
  • Cervical spine: hyperextended
  • Scapulae: protracted (rounded shoulders)
  • Thoracic spine: increased flexion (kyphosis)
  • Lumbar spine: increased extension (lordosis)
  • Pelvis: anterior tilt
  • Hip: flexed
  • Knee: slight hyperextension
  • Ankle: slight plantarflexion
32
Q

What structures are elongated verses shortened in Kyphotic-Lordotic posture?

A

Elongated

  • Cervical flexors
  • Middle/lower trap & rhomboids – scapula protracted
  • Thoracic erector spinae
  • External oblique – anterior pelvic tilt

Shortened

  • Neck extensors
  • Hip flexors
  • Lumbar extensors
33
Q

Describe alignment associated with Flat Back Posture

A
  • Head: forward
  • Cervical spine: slightly extended
  • Thoracic spine: upper part- increased flexion, lower part- decreased flexion/straight
  • Lumbar spine: straight/increased flexion
  • Pelvis: posterior tilt
  • Hip: extended
  • Knee: extended
  • Ankle: slight plantarflexion
34
Q

What structures are elongated verses shortened in Flat Back Posture?

A

Elongated
- Hip flexors

Shortened

  • Hamstrings
  • Abdominals
35
Q

Describe alignment associated with Sway Back Posture

A
  • Head: forward
  • Cervical spine: slightly extended
  • Thoracic spine: increased flexion, posterior displacement
  • Lumbar spine: straight/increased flexion
  • Pelvis: posterior tilt
  • Hip: hyperextended, anterior displacement
  • Knee: hyperextended
  • Ankle: neutral
36
Q

What structures are elongated verses shortened in Sway Back Posture?

A

Elongated

  • Hip flexors
  • External oblique
  • Thoracic erector spinae
  • Cervical flexors

Shortened

  • Hamstrings
  • Upper abdominals
37
Q

Describe alignment associated with Flexed Knee Posture. What might cause this posture? What knee muscles are likely to be overworked to counterbalance this posture?

A
  • LoG passes posterior to knee and anterior to hip
  • knees flexed and hips flexed with butt out
  • can be caused by knee osteoarthritis or other knee issues where patient doesn’t get full knee extension
  • quads are over worked to overcome external moment of flexion
38
Q

Describe alignment associated with Hyperextended Knee Posture. What might cause this posture? What knee muscles are likely to be overworked to counterbalance this posture?

A
  • LoG is considerably anterior to knee
  • caused by unstable joint or just naturally born that way
  • hamstrings are over worked to overcome external moment of extension
39
Q

Describe alignment associated with Forward Head Posture. What might cause this posture?

A
  • increased cervical lordosis
  • LoG is anterior to cervical joint resulting in flexion moment
  • caused by kyphosis
40
Q

Describe alignment associated with Pes Planus. What might cause this posture?

A
  • flat footed
  • medial malleolus is lower than lateral malleolus
  • increased calcaneal eversion
  • reduced or absent medial arch

Causes

  • hereditary
  • Medial longitudinal arch is absent in non-weightbearing, toe-standing & normal weightbearing
41
Q

Describe alignment associated with Pes Cavus. What might cause this posture?

A
  • high arch
  • weightbearing is more on lateral border of foot
  • hereditary
  • limited motion in subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
42
Q

What is scoliosis? How is the curve named? What is a functional curve vs a structural curve?

A
  • lateral spinal curvature
  • named according to direction of convexity and location of curve
  • functional curve - can be reversed
  • structural curve - can’t change due to changes in bone and soft tissue structure
43
Q

What impact does excessive genu valgum have on the knee joint? What position of the foot often occurs as a result?

A
  • knock knee
  • lateral compression and medial distraction
  • lateral/posterior displacement of patella
  • results in pronation at foot
44
Q

What impact does genu varum have on the knee joint? What position of the foot often occurs as a result?

A
  • bowleg
  • medial compression and lateral distraction
  • medial/anterior displacement of patella
  • results in supination at foot

Applied Kinesiology (7 decks)

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