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Applied Kinesiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between kinematics and kinetics?

A
  • kinematics - motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion
  • kinetics - describes the effect of forces on the body
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2
Q

Define and give an example of the 2 types of motion: translation & rotation

A
  • translation - linear motion in which all parts move parallel to and in the same direction ex: walking straight
  • rotation - body moves in a circular path around some pivot point ex: flexion to extension
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of translation motion? Give an example of each

A
  • curvilinear ex: walking (bobs up and down)

- rectilinear ex: sliding box on the floor

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4
Q

List the planes, their associated axis and the motions that occur in those planes

A
  • sagittal - medial to lateral axis - flexion/extension, dorsi/plantarflexion, forward/backward bending
  • frontal - anterior to posterior axis - ab/adduction, lateral flexion, ulnar/radial deviation, eversion/inversion
  • transverse - superior to inferior axis - internal/external rotation, axial rotation
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5
Q

Define and give examples of open kinetic chain exercises and closed kinetic chain exercises

A
  • Open kinetic chain - distal segment is not fixed and it is free to move. ex: bicep curl, throwing a ball
  • closed kinetic chain - distal segment is fixed, proximal segment is free to move - squat, pull up, stance phase of gait
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6
Q

Compare and contrast the differences of osteokinematics vs arthokinematics

A
  • osteokinematics - movement of bones, open or closed kinetic chain
  • arthokinematics - motion that occurs between joint surfaces, convex and concave
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7
Q

What are the purposes of the convex-concave relationship?

A
  • improve joint congruency
  • increase surface area for dissipating contact forces
  • helps guide motion between bones
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8
Q

Define the convex/concave rule

A
  • convex on concave - roll and slide move in opposite direction
  • concave on convex - roll and slide move in same direction
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9
Q

What is closed packed vs loose packed position? Why is it clinically important for us to know the loose and closed packed position of each joint?

A
  • closed-packed - position of maximal congruency, usually near end range, most ligaments and capsule are taut, stable
  • loose-packed - all positions other than closed-packed, least congruent near midrange, ligaments and capsule are slack, allows for increased accessory movement
  • important to know positions for manipulations
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10
Q

Draw, label and define the stress-strain curve

A
  • see slide 25 in ppt 1
  • elastic region - range which muscle can be stretched: toe region - area must be taut before tension is measured, linear region - after slack is taken up, linear relationship between stress and strain
  • plastic region - point of no return: yield point - elongation occurs beyond physiologic range, ultimate failure point - tissue is partially or completely separated
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11
Q

Define and describe the 2 properties of viscoelasticity

A
  • time and rate dependent
  • over time creep occurs - progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time
  • as rate of loading increases, slop increases throughout elastic range, decreased viscosity with loads applied slowly and increased viscosity with loads applied rapidly
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12
Q

Define and give examples of internal and external forces

A
  • internal force - produced within the body ex: muscle contraction
  • external force - force produced outside the body ex: gravity, free weight
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13
Q

Describe and provide examples of 1st, 2nd and 3rd class levers

A
  • 1st - axis of rotation is between opposing forces (balance) ex: yes/ no w/ head and neck extensor muscles
  • 2nd - axis of rotation is at 1 end, resistance in middle and force at other end (power) ex: wheelbarrow, toe raises
  • 3rd - axis at 1 end with the force in the middle and resistance at the opposite end (speed and distance) ex: elbow flexors
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14
Q

What is mechanical advantage? What is MA of each lever?

A
  • ratio of internal movement arm to external movement arm
  • 1st - less than, equal, or greater than 1
  • 2nd - always greater than 1
  • 3rd - always less than 1
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15
Q

Define the following terms agonist, antagonist, synergists and force couples. Provide examples.

A
  • agonist - most directly related to initiation and execution of a particular movement. ex: tibialis anterior is agonist for dorsiflexion
  • antagonist - considered to have opposite action of a particular agonist. ex: gastroc and soleus are antagonists to tibialis anterior
  • synergists - muscles that cooperate during the execution of a particular movement. ex: flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis during wrist flexion
  • force couple - when 2 or more muscles simultaneously produce force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same direction. ex: erector spinae and iliopsoas muscles during anterior pelvic tilt
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16
Q

Define concentric, eccentric, isokinetic and isometric contractions. Provide examples.

A
  • concentric - shortening contraction ex: bicep curl
  • eccentric - elongating contraction ex: sitting down
  • isokinetic - ability to adjust resistance throughout ROM of the muscle to account for stronger/weaker areas ex: biodex
  • isometric - maintaining constant length, allows contraction of muscle w/o movement through full ROM ex: wall push
17
Q

Describe the active and passive insufficiency. Give examples of each.

A
  • active - the point at which a 2-joint muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any farther ex: standing hamstring curl
  • passive - when a muscle is of insufficient length to permit full ROM ex: unable to touch toes w/o bending knees
18
Q

Describe the force-velocity curve

A
  • concentrically - velocity of muscle shortening is inversely related to external load (increase load = decrease speed)
  • eccentrically - velocity of muscle lengthening is proportional to the external load (increase load = increase speed)
19
Q

Describe the force-time relationship

A
  • the force generated by a muscle is proportional to the contraction time
  • the greater the contraction time, the greater the force up to maximum contraction
20
Q

Describe how to stretch a 1-joint vs 2-joint muscle by using an example in the body

A
  • 2 joint muscles must be placed on slack to stretch 1 joint muscles
    ex: runners stretch for gastroc, must bend knee to stretch soleus
21
Q

Compare and contrast Synarthroses vs Diarthroses

A
  • synarthroses - no movement, function to bind and transfer forces between bones, fibrous and cartilaginous connective tissue
  • diarthroses - moderate to extensive motion, synovial fluid-filled cavity
22
Q

List the 7 elements always associated with diarthrodial joints. What do they do?

A
  • synovial fluid - coats surfaces of joints to decrease friction and provide nourishment
  • articular cartilage - covers articular surface
  • joint capsule - enclose joint
  • synovial membrane - internal layer of articular capsule
  • ligaments - protect from excessive movement
  • blood vessels - provide blood supply
  • sensory nerves - innervation
23
Q

List the 5 elements that are sometimes associated with diarthrodial joints. What do they do?

A
  • intra-articular discs or menisci - increase congruency and improve force dispersion
  • peripheral labrum - deepen concave joint and support attachment of joint capsule
  • fat pads - reinforce internal aspects of capsule and fill non-articulating joint spaces
  • bursa - absorb force and protect periarticular connective tissue
  • synovial plicae - helps to further reinforce the joint by including an over thickened area
24
Q

List the 7 types of synovial joints and an example of each

A

1) hinge - elbow
2) pivot - humeroradial joint (capitulum)
3) ellipsoid - radiocarpal joint
4) ball and socket - shoulder
5) planar - carpometacarpal joints
6) saddle - sternoclavicular or carpometacarpal of thumb
7) condyloid - knee

25
Q

Characteristics of dense connective tissue - what does it include? primary function, irregular or regular or both

A
  • ligaments/tendons, fibrous layer of joint capsule,
  • limited blood supply
  • primary function to resist tension
  • irregular to resist force in multiple directions (joint capsule) and regular to resist stretched parallel to ligament forces (ligaments/tendons)
26
Q

Characteristics of articular cartilage - what does it include? primary function

A
  • specialized hyaline cartilage
  • primary function is to distribute and absorb joint forces and reduces joint friction
  • avascular and aneural
  • receives nutrition with compression
27
Q

Characteristics of fibrocartilage - what does it include? primary function

A
  • mixture of dense and articular cartilage
  • menisci, labrum, discs
  • primary function is to support and mechanically stabilize joints, dissipate loads across multiple planes and guides complex arthokinematics
  • aneural and limited blood supply to outer rim
28
Q

Characteristics of bone - what does it include? primary function

A
  • type 1 collagen, osteoblasts and hard ground substance
  • primary function is rigid support and systems of levers for muscles
  • can accept tremendous compressive loads
  • richly vascularized and innervated
29
Q

What is Wolff’s law and how is it clinically relevant?

A
  • bone will adapt to the loads under which it is placed
  • Dehydrated disc puts more stress on vertebral body which may cause synthesis of more bone (osteophyte)
  • Rapid decline in bone mineral density after spinal cord injury
30
Q

What type of force is cortical bone the strongest to resist?

A

compression

31
Q

How does immobilization impact connective tissues?

A
  • changes in structure and function
  • rate of decline is dependent on metabolic activity of the tissue
  • rapid loss of strength occurs with prolonged reduce loading and recovery is slower
32
Q

Define Newton’s 1st Law

A
  • Law of Inertia

- body remains at rest or constant linear velocity until acted on by another force

33
Q

Define Newton’s 2nd Law

A
  • Law of Acceleration
  • the linear acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it, takes place in the same direction in which the force acts and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body
  • acceleration happens when a force acts on it
34
Q

Define Newton’s 3rd Law

A
  • Law of Action-Reaction
  • for every force there is an equal and opposite directed force
  • ex: walking force against ground is same as ground reaction force back up through foot
35
Q

List the ways that we can objectively measure human movement

A

1) Do not take into consideration the forces that are involved at play

  • electrogoniometry
  • accelerometery (fitbit)
  • imaging techniques (Kinect)

2) take into consideration the forces that are going to produce the motion

  • mechanical devices -scale, grip dynamometer
  • transducers - force plates
  • electromechanical devices - isokinetic biodex

Applied Kinesiology (7 decks)

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