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Applied Kinesiology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify and describe the characteristics of the atypical vertebrae in the thoracic spine.

A

T1 - cervical-shaped body w/ long and prominent spinous process
T12 - thoracic like superior facets and lumbar like inferior facets
- T10 and T11 - Full costal facets as opposed to demifacets – ribs at these vertebras only articulate w/ 1 vertebra

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2
Q

Identify and describe the characteristics of the typical vertebrae in the thoracic spine.

A

BODY
- wedge-shaped
- demifacets (ribs touch both vertebra)
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
- smallest ratio of disc height to vertebrae height
PEDICLES
- face posteriorly, not laterally - Results in narrowing of vertebral canal that limits motions

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3
Q

Describe the facet joint orientation for the thoracic spine. What motion(s) does this orientation allow for?

A
  • 20 degrees off frontal plane

- allows for greater motion into lateral flexion and rotation and less flexion/extension

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4
Q

What structures limit flexion in the thoracic spine?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligaments and capsule of facet joints

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5
Q

What structures limit extension in the thoracic spine?

A

contact of spinous processes, laminae, facet joints and tension from ALL, facet joint capsule and abdominal muscles

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6
Q

What structures limit lateral flexion in thoracic spine?

A

facets and ribs

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7
Q

What structure limits rotation in thoracic spine?

A

rib cage

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8
Q

Describe the spinal coupling relationship in the upper thoracic spine

A
  • T1-T6

- lateral flexion and rotation are coupled in the same direction

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9
Q

Describe the spinal coupling relationship in the lower thoracic spine

A
  • T7-T12

- lateral flexion and rotation are coupled in the opposite direction

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10
Q

What are the osteokinematic motions at thoracic spine?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • lateral flexion/side bending
  • rotation
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11
Q

What are arthrokinematics of thoracic facet joints during flexion/extension?

A
  • flexion - slides superior and anterior

- extension - slides inferior and posterior

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12
Q

Is there a greater degree of flexion/extension in upper or lower thoracic spine? Why?

A

lower b/c facet joints have more sagittal orientation

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13
Q

What are arthrokinematics of UPPER thoracic facet joints during lateral flexion/side bending?

A
  • ipsilateral - inferior and posterior slide

- contralateral - superior and anterior slide

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14
Q

What are arthrokinematics of UPPER thoracic facet joints during rotation?

A
  • ipsilateral - posterior and inferior

- contralateral - anterior and superior

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15
Q

What are arthrokinematics of LOWER thoracic facet joints during lateral flexion/side bending?

A
  • ipsilateral - inferior and anterior slide

- contralateral - superior and posterior slide

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16
Q

What are arthrokinematics of LOWER thoracic facet joints during rotation?

A
  • ipsilateral - posterior and superior slide

- contralateral - anterior and inferior slide

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17
Q

Describe the orientation and axis of movement in the upper ribs and the lower ribs.

A

UPPER

  • sagittal plane (anterior/posterior)
  • pump handle motion

LOWER

  • frontal plane (medial/lateral)
  • bucket handle motion
18
Q

Identify and describe the characteristics of the atypical vertebrae in the lumbar spine.

A

L5

  • wedge shaped - b/c of angulation of sacrum
  • smaller spinous process - allows for extension
  • large transverse process
19
Q

Identify and describe the characteristics of the typical vertebrae in the lumbar spine.

A
  • large transverse diameter
  • mamillary and accessory processes for multifidus attachment
  • triangular vertebral foramen
20
Q

What makes the facet joints of the lumbar spine unique?

A
  • curved and biplanar

aligned w/ sagittal plane (restricts rotation)

21
Q

Describe the facet joint orientation for the lumbar spine anteriorly. What motion(s) does this orientation allow for?

A
  • anteriorly aligned w/ frontal plane (resists anterior shear force)
  • allows for lateral flexion
22
Q

Describe the facet joint orientation for the lumbar spine posteriorly. What motion(s) does this orientation allow for? What motion(s) does this orientation restrict?

A
  • posterior aligned w/ sagittal plane (restricts rotation)

- allows for flexion/extension

23
Q

What is the lumbosacral angle? What structures resist the natural shearing force that occurs at this transitional zone?

A
  • angle formed by L5 and S1
  • resists natural shearing force - intervertebral disc, facet joint capsules, anterior longitudinal ligament, and iliolumbar ligaments
24
Q

How does an increased lumbosacral angle impact lordosis of the lumbar spine?

A
  • increases the angle which increases shear forces on lumbar spine
25
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

slipping of L5 from S1

26
Q

Describe the characteristics of the lumbar spine intervertebral discs and why they are important to the function of the lumbar spine.

A
  • largest discs in spine
  • annulus fibrosis has alternating layers (lamellae) to resist tensile forces in all direction
  • disc has posterior concavity to increase surface area (increase ability to resist tension)
27
Q

What is unique about the coupling relationship of lateral flexion and rotation in the lumbar spine?

A

pattern is inconsistent

28
Q

Arthrokinematics of lumbar flexion. What plane is it and what are the motions?

A
  • sagittal plane - lower lumbar

- superior and anterior

29
Q

Arthrokinematics of lumbar extension. What plane is it and what are the motions?

A
  • sagittal plane - lower lumbar

- inferior and posterior

30
Q

Arthrokinematics of lumbar lateral flexion. What plane is it and what are the motions?

A
  • frontal plane - superior lumbar
  • ipsilateral - inferior glide
  • contralateral - superior glide
31
Q

Arthrokinematics of lumbar rotation. What plane is it and what are the motions?

A
  • transverse plane
  • ipsilateral - distraction
  • contralateral - approximation
32
Q

Describe lumbo-pelvic rhythm and the significance of this relationship.

A
  • sagittal plane during trunk flexion/extension
  • flexion - initially lumbar flexion then anterior tilting of pelvis
  • extension - initially posterior tilting of pelvis then lumbar extension
  • causes less force for lumbar extensors and shortens the external moment arm
33
Q

Describe the correct activation pattern for a full sit-up.

A
  • trunk flexion phase (abdominals)

- hip flexion phase (continued activation of abdominals then hip flexors)

34
Q

List and describe the 4 ways to reduce force required of the lumbar extensors when lifting

A

1) reduce velocity of lifting
2) reduce magnitude of external load
3) reduce length of external moment arm (bring item closer to you)
4) increase the length of internal moment arm

35
Q

Detail the factors that should be kept in mind for safe lifting technique (9)

A

1) lighten load
2) lift w/ lumbar spine as neutral as possible
3) lift with your legs
4) minimize height distance from load
5) make load symmetrical
6) avoid twisting while lifting
7) lift slow and smooth
8) lift w/ wide/slightly staggered BoS
9) use assistance of mechanical device or team lift

36
Q

Compare and contrast the stoop lift verses the squat lift

A

STOOP

  • extend hips and lumbar w/ knees slightly flexed
  • greater lumbar flexion so more extension force is required
  • can result in compression and shear forces

SQUAT - safer

  • knee in max flexion
  • extension of knees and hips powered by quads and hip extensors
  • external moment arm is reduced between load and trunk (decrease extensor torque)
37
Q

Describe the terms utilize to describe movement of the SI joint

A

Sacrum on innominate

  • Nutation: sacral promontory moves anteriorly and inferiorly and sacral apex moves posteriorly and superiorly
  • Counternutation: sacral promontory moves posteriorly and superiorly and sacral apex moves anteriorly

Innominate movement

  • Anterior pelvic tilt: ASIS and pubic symphysis move inferiorly
  • Posterior pelvic tilt: ASIS and pubic symphysis move superiorly
38
Q

What muscles provide reinforcement to the SI joint?

A
  • erector spinae and lumbar multifidi
  • diaphragm and pelvic floor
  • abdominal muscles
  • hip extensors (biceps femoris and gluteus maximus)
  • latissimus dorsi
  • iliacus and piriformis
39
Q

Discuss the relationship that tilt of the pelvis has on the lumbar spine

A
  • posterior tilt increases lumbar flexion which increases pressure on anterior disc and shifts disc material posterior
40
Q

Outline the function of the lumbar spine and pelvis.

A
  • Lumbar - provide support for weight of upper body and withstand compressive loads
  • Pelvis - transmit force of vertebral column to lower extremities and relieve stress on pelvic ring

Applied Kinesiology (7 decks)

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