Week 6- Viral Immune Evasion Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main ways antibodies fight viral infection?

A
Bind to viral attachment proteins
Destabilize viral structures
Opsonization viruses for phagocytosis
Cause viral agglutination
Killing of target cell via complement cascade activation
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2
Q

Which antibodies indicate recent infection?

A

IgM

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3
Q

Which antibodies indicate viral infection?

A

IgG

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4
Q

What are the main ways by which viruses evade antibodies?

A

They secrete their antigens to mop up antibodies before they can attach to the virus itself
Exist as many distinct stereotypes with different antigens

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5
Q

What is viral antigenic drift?

A

When viruses adapt and evolve to evade antibodies

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6
Q

What is viral antigenic shift?

A

When viruses acquire new antigens via reassortment

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7
Q

What are interferons and when are they produced?

A

They are small antiviral proteins produced by cells when they detect viral synthesis of foreign molecules eg RNA without a 5’ cap, double stranded RNA, cytoplasmic DNA etc

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8
Q

What interferon receptor do all cells have?

A

Interferon alpha

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9
Q

What interferon do all cells produce?

A

Interferon beta

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10
Q

What cells specialise in producing interferon alpha?

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

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11
Q

How many types of interferon alpha and beta are there?

A

13/14 interferon alpha types

1 interferon beta type

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12
Q

What are NK cells activated by?

A

Il-12 and interferon alpha

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13
Q

What do NK cells activate and which molecule do they work with to do this?

A

They activate macrophages with the help of IL-4

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14
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

They kill viral infected cells that display fewer than normal MHC molecules by releasing toxic molecules

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15
Q

How do macrophages help fight viral infection?

A

They filter viruses from blood and inactivate opsonized viruses

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16
Q

How do dendritic cells contribute in the immune response?

A

They control what type of CD4/CD8 response there will be

17
Q

Which 2 cell types present antigens to CD4 cells?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

18
Q

What type of T cell respond to the class 1 MHC complex?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

19
Q

What is the common way viruses cause chronic infection?

A

Disabling T cell responses eg HIV kills CD4 T cells, herpes virus prevents CD8 T cell killing