Week 6- Immune Response to Infection

Question 1

What are the 4 main steps in the response to infection?

Answer 1

1. Phagocyte detection
2. Innate immune response
3. Adaptive immune response
4. Formation of memory cells

Question 2

Which immune response out of innate or adaptive is faster?

Answer 2

Innate (quick acting) whereas adaptive is slower and longer lasting

Question 3

What type of receptors are involved with the innate immune response?

Answer 3

Germline encoded

Question 4

What are the humoral components of the innate immune response?

Answer 4

Lectin, antimicrobial peptides, complement

Question 5

What are the cellular components of the innate immune response?

Answer 5

Neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells

Question 6

How many receptors are involved with the innate immune response?

Answer 6

Few

Question 7

What type of receptors are involved with the adaptive immune response?

Answer 7

Variable receptors that mature over time

Question 8

How many receptors are involved with the adaptive immune response?

Answer 8

Many

Question 9

What are the humoral components of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 9

Antibodies and complement

Question 10

What are the cellular components of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 10

T killer, reg, cytotoxic cells, B lymphocytes, plasma cells

Question 11

What are the 2 things that trigger an immune response?

Answer 11

Tissue damage

Detection of a pathogen

Question 12

What 2 cells are the first responders and in what order do they act?

Answer 12

Neutrophils and macrophages with neutrophils acting first

Question 13

Describe the first response

Answer 13

Microbes detect pathogens which causes gene expression in naive host cells to change, they then produce chemo/cytokines which activates host cells after signal transduction

Question 14

What 2 molecules communicate with leukocytes? When and where are they produced

Answer 14

Interleukins and interferons, they are only produced locally in a response as they are very toxic

Question 15

What can the uncontrolled activity of phagocytes lead to?

Answer 15

Granulomas, excess inflammation and tissue damage

Question 16

How are macrophages activated?

Answer 16

Cytokines activate T cells which produce own cytokines activating macrophages

Question 17

Which cytokine defends against mycobacterium?

Answer 17

Interferon gamma

Question 18

What 2 types of cells can kill infected cells?

Answer 18

Cytotoxic T cells or NK cells

Question 19

What are soluble mediator mechanisms that the humoral innate response utilises?

Answer 19

Lectin binding to neutralize cell attachment/entry
Antibody like peptides
Iron chelation (prevents replication)
Complement mediated bacterial destruction

Question 20

What are cellular mediator mechanisms that the humoral innate response utilises?

Answer 20

Acidification and digestion in phagosomes

Nitrogen and oxygen free radicals

Question 21

What are the main functions of a T cell?

Answer 21

Killing infected cells, helping B cells produce antibodies, activating phagocytes

Question 22

How are T cells activated?

Answer 22

By cytokine production of APC

Question 23

How do antibodies enhance the antimicrobial response?

Answer 23

Helping with phagocytosis and complement activation

Question 24

What cells do T cells activate?

Answer 24

Phagocytes

Question 25

What is the timing of the innate response?

Answer 25

0-12hrs after the infection

Question 26

What is the timing of the adaptive response?

Answer 26

1-5 days after infection