Week 6 The Integumentary System Flashcards
Largest organ of the body
Skin
What are the two primary layers of the skin
Epidermis, dermis
What are the characteristics of epidermis
Outermost portion, comprised entirely of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Contains no blood vessels (avascular)
What kind of epithelial the epidermis have?
Stratified squamous
What supports the dermis and lay underneath it?
Subcutaneous layer
Cyanosis
When skin colour bluish grey. Indicates decreased blood oxygen level
Vitiligo
Patchy light skin areas resulting from acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes
Increased skin pigmentation caused by hormonal changes in pregnant women
Freckles
Small, flat Macules common normal skin pigment variation
Characteristics of the dermis
Composed of connective tissue, cells are scattered far apart with fibers in between: collagen & elastic fibers
Contains accessory structures: hair follicles, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, sensory receptors
Deeper &a thicker of the two primary skin layers, thickness can vary
Dermal papillae
Portions of the dermis that extend up into the epidermis
What forms a distinct pattern of ridges on the surface of thick skin example the skin in your fingers toes prevents slipping
Dermal papillae
What is the purpose or function of the dermis?
Protection, nourishment of the epidermis, skin elasticity, sensory perception
Where is the subcutaneous layer located?
Beneath dermis
Composed of loose connective tissue with large amounts of adipose tissue, has blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness varies.
Subcutaneous layer
What is the function of the subcutaneous layer.
Connects skin to underlying muscle.
Insulation,
temperature regulation,
sensory perception
What are some accessory structures of the skin and what is their primary function
Sebaceous oil glands
Sudoriferous glands
Hair
Nails
To protect the skin
What are 4 types of glands?
Sebaceous (oil) glands Meibomian glands Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Eccrine Apocrine glands
Sebaceous glands
Saclike glands associated with hair follicles
Found everywhere except lips, palms of hand and sole of feet
Exocrine gland
Ducts may darken to form blackheads
Acne Vulgaris
What is the function of the sebaceous (oil) glands
Secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair, and prevents drying
Regulated by sex hormones
Meibomian glands
Associated with the eyelashs
What is the function of the meibomian glands?
Lubricates the eyes
Coiled glands that vent directly to the skin surface or through hair follicles
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
What is the function of the sudoriferous (sweat) gland
Assists body with thermoregulation
Eliminate wastes such as salts
Eccrine gland
Most numerous, important and widespread
Function throughout life and assist in body heat regulation
Mainly in armpits & groin area, also in areole of the breats
Apocrine glands
What is he function of the apocrine gland
Becomes active during puberty responds to emotional stress & sexual stimulation secretes a more viscous substance, has odour
Alopecia
Hair loss
Arrector pili
Specialized smooth muscle that produces goose bumps and causes hair to stand up straight
Where are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands located
Ear canal
Edges of eyelids
Ciliary glands
Mammary glands breasts
Produces earwax cerumen
What is the crescent shaped area nearest root called?
Lunula
What is the purpose/function of the integumentary system?
Protection:first line of defence
Protection against dehydration (drying)
Regulation of body temperature
Collection of sensory information
Does skin prevent water loss by evaporation?
Yes
It forms a boundary that encloses body fluids & limits water loss
Is the brain involved in regulating body temperature
Yes
What are some mechanisms that the skin uses to regulate the temperature of the skin?
Regulation of sweat secretion
Regulation of flow of blood close to the body surface
What is the chief sensory organs of the body
Skin
The skin has many nerve endings and other special receptors that serve as receivers for the body, keeping it informed of changes in its environment
Free nerve endings
Tactile receptors
Deep pressure receptors
Free nerve endings
Detect pain and temperature changes
Melanin
The degree of brown pigment in the skin indicates excess (tanning) or absent (albinism vitiligo)
Carotenoderm
Yellow/red skin discoloration
Think of a carrot
Carotenemia
Excess carotene in blood
Skin pigment obtained from vegetables (orange/yellow)
Bike pigments
Yellowish skin due to excess of bile pigments ‘bilirubin’
Jaundice
Reflecting impaired hepatic function, gallbladder problems, and or excess hemolysis
Jaundice may be a symptom of the following
A tumour pressing on the bile duct, or a stone within the duct
Inflammation of the liver
Certain diseases of the blood in which red blood cells are rapidly destroyed
Immaturity of the liver
Macule
Flat and discoloured neither raised or depressed
Papule
Small firm raised lesions. A large firm papule is called a nodule
Vesicle
Bulla blister or small fluid filled sac
Pustule
Pus filled lesion/ vesicle. Infected vesicle
Plaque
Large slightly elevated lesion with flat surface, often topped by scale
Cicatrix
Scar, new CT from within wound
Keloid
Raised irregular, Tumor-like masses of collagen resulting from excessive scar tissue formation
Excoriation
Scratch of the skin surface
Laceration
Rough, jagged wound, made by tearing of the skin
Ulcer
Crater like lesion sore associated with disintegration and death of tissue
Fissure
Deep crack or break in the skin
Pressure ulcers
Skin lesions that appear where the body rests on skin that covers bony projections
Also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores
Superficial 1st degree burns
Surface layers of the epidermis only
Skin is red dry
Minimal pain
Example mild sunburn
Superficial partial thickness 2 bs degree burns
Deep epidermis and part of the dermis
Tissue is red blistered and painful
Heals readily without scarring
Severe sunburn, scalding
Deep partial thickness 2nd degree burns
Characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis
Tissue may be blistered with a weeping surface or dry due to sweat gland damage
Less painful than superficial burns due to nerve damage intense pain is expirenced soon thereafter
Scalding, exposure to flame, or hot grease
Full thickness 3rd degree burns
Involves the full skin,& sometimes the subcutaneous tissue and underlying tissue (muscle bone)
Tissue is broken, dry, and pale or charred
May require surgery to relieve pressure caused by tissue shrinkage or skin grafting
Squamous cell carcinoma
The most common type characterized by hard, raised tumors
Basal cell carcinoma
Characterized by papule a with a central crater rarely spreads
Melanoma
Malignancy in a Nevus (mole) the most serious type
Asymmetrical, irregular, or indistinct in shape, unevenly coloured, larger than 6mm
Can skin infections be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
Yes
Impetigo
Bacteria skin infection
Highly contagious staphylococcal or streptococcal infection
Warts
Viral infection
Usually benign neoplasm caused by papillomavirus
Herpes simple virus
Formation of watery vesicles( cold sores, fever blisters) on the skin and mucous membranes (type1) the genital area (type 2)
Tinea
Fungal infection there are several forms
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin
Redness, heat, and itching
What are some inflammatory skin disorders?
Dermatitis
Urticaria
Eczema
Urticaria
Hives
Allergic reaction, ingested or touched
Temporary appearance of elevated red patches
Eczema
Common inflammatory condition characterized by papules, vesicles, and crusts not a disease itself but a symptom of an underlying condition
Can result from contact dermatitis
What are some examples of chronic inflammatory disorders
Lupus erythematosus
Systemic sclerosis
Psoriasis
Lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune disease of CT
Rough raised, violet tinted papules, usually on face and scalp only
Systemic sclerosis
Scleroderma
Unknown cause, autoimmune disease of vessels and CT
Thickening of the skin
Severe cases: lack of facial expression
Psoriasis
Chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by silvery scales
Genetic unknown cause autoimmune
