Review Of Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
What are the 4 main tissue groups
Epithelial, connective,muscle, nervous
Squamous
Flat and irregular
Cuboidal
Square
Columnar
Lang and narrow
Simple
Single cell layer
Single cell layers allows materials to pass from one system to another
Stratified
Mulitiple cell layers
Multiple cell layers provide protection in areas subject to wear and tear
Pseudostratified
Appears multi layered but is not
Transitional
Capable of great expansion and returning to its original shape
Where could you find simple squamous cells
Capillary walls, lung alveoli
Where could you find complex squamous cells
Outer layer of skin, lining o mouth, throat, anus, vagina
Where could you find complex transitional cells
Lining of urinary bladder
Stratified cuboidal
Multilayered
Secretes water and ions
What epithelial tissue lines ducts of sweat gland
Stratified cuboidal
Which gland has a duct
Exocrine
Sweat glands, salivary, lacrimal are all examples of which type of gland?
Exocrine
Which gland is ductless
Endocrine
Which gland secrete hormones
Endocrine
Examples:adrenal, pituitary, thyroid
Which gland pours secretion into surrounding tissue fluid for the bloodstream to bring to target tissues?
Endocrine
What are different types of connective tissue
Circulating,generalized,loose,dense
What is an example of circulating connective tissue
Blood lymph
Function of generalized connective tissue
Provides support and protection
Tendons and ligaments
Where would you find adipose
Padding around organs and joints under skin. Loose connective tissue
Where would you find elastic cartilage
Larynx, epiglottis, outer ear
What is inside the bone
Nerve, blood vessels, osteoblasts, and bone marrow, in which blood cells are developed
What is a nerve
Bundle of nerve fibers held together with connective tissue
Do neuroglia transmit nerve impulses
No
What is a benign Tumor
A Tumor that does not invade other tissues or spread to other sites.
Can cause harm depending on size and location compress vital tissues
What is malignant Tumor
Spreads to neighbouring tissues or different parts of body “metastasis”
Glioma-cancer of support tissue of brain or spinal cord
What does superior mean
Above
What does inferior mean
Below
What does ventral anterior mean
Towards the front of the body
What does dorsal posterior mean
Towards the back of the body
What does medial mean
Close to the midline of the body
What does lateral mean
Away from the midline of the body
What does proximal mean
Close to a structured point of origin
What does distal mean
Farther from a structures point of origin
What does cranial mean
Closer to the skull
What does caudal mean
Closer to the bottom of the body
What are the two main cavities the body is divided into
Dorsal and ventral
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
Cranial and spinal
What are the two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm in the ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
What does the thoracic cavity consist of
Includes heart and lungs
What cavity does the pancreas and gallbladder belong too
Abdominal cavity
What is the order from smallest to largest of the body units
Atoms molecules, cell, tissue, organ,organ system
What is an electrolyte
Compounds that separate into ions when put in a solution
The term electrolyte is also used to refer to ions present in bodily fluids
What are examples of electrolytes in body fluids
Sodium and potassium
How does electrolytes play an important role in diagnosing diseases?
Because ions (electrolytes) are charged particles in your body’s fluid they conduct an electric current which we can measure a tissues activity
How does a covalent bond form
When two atoms share electrons to complete their energy levels to become stable
How does a ionic bond form
When one atom transfers electrons to another atom
What is the difference between ionic bond and covalent
Ionic transfers electrons between atoms and covalent shares them
A Ionic bonds usually have a weak bond and dissociate’s into solutions, True or false?
True
Covalent bonds are have a strong bond and don’t usually dissociate into solutions, true or false?
True
What is the difference between molecules and compounds?
A compound can be held together with an ionic or covalent bond while molecule is only a covalent.
Compounds also are always different atoms while a molecule could be two of the same atom
What is a base
Substance that shifts the H+ balance against hydrogen also known as alkaline
What is an acid
Substance that shifts the hydrogen balance in favour of hydrogen
In a PH scale is 2 acidic or more alkaline?
Acidic
If a solution has a high concentration of hydrogen ions is it more acidic or alkaline?
Acidic
What is normal PH level of the bodies fluid?
Normal ranges between 7.35 to 7.45
What is neutral on the PH scale
7
What are buffers in the body?
Chemicals that prevent sharp changes in hydrogen concentration
What are organic compounds?
Are compounds that characterize living things and contain carbon
What are three main types of organic compounds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
What are three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides(glucose) disaccharides(ex: sucrose)
Poly-saccharides( many glucose ex:starch)
What is the building block of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are lipids made from?
Glycerol
What are lipids in the body?
Fat
What are two types of lipids?
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
What do phospholipids make up, or where can you find them?
Cell membranes
Is cholesterol a steroid?
Yes
Is cholesterol found in all membranes?
Yes
What are proteins?
Are the structural materials of the body, found in muscle, bone and connective tissue
What elements do all proteins contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
They may also contain sulfur or phosphorous
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is an enzyme?
Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions
Essential in metabolism
Which body cavity contains the diaghram?
The ventral cavity
What do specialized groups of cells form?
Tissues
What does your pancreas do and what system does it belong too?
Endocrine system. It regulates the level of sugar in your blood
What does your parathyroid do?
Regulates calcium in the blood
What is homeostasis?
A state of internal balance within the body
What are the 3 stages of positive or negative feedback for homeostasis?
Sensor, control centre, and effector
What is anabolism?
Reactions that build substance up ( from simple forms to complex)
Often requires ATP
What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism and anabolism
What type of metabolism is used to form ATP?
Catabolism
What is the energy storing compound
ATP
What element is present in all proteins?
Nitrogen
What is an example of nucleus acids?
DNA an RNA
What is pinocytosis?
Engulfing droplets of fluid
What is endocytosis?
Movement of materials into the cell
What is exocytosis?
Movement of materials out of the cell
How many electrons does carbon have?
6
A positively charged atom?
Cation
A negatively charged atom?
Anion
Cartilage is considered to be which of the following tissues?
Structural connective tissue
Areoles tissue is what type?
Loose connective tissue
What is the name of the connective tissue connecting a muscle to a bone?
Tendon
What is an example of a serous membrane?
Pleura
What is another term for Tumor?
Neoplasm
What are two examples of bulk transport?
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Sarcoma is what type of Tumor?
Malignant
What is the term to describe underside of tongue?
Ventral
What is the Golgi apparatus
Makes mucous and sorts things to be exported ( like a post office)
Where does translation occur in the cell or protein synthesis?
RER
What is a centriole
Rod shaped required for cell division
Vesicle
Bubbles used to store and transport materials in and out of a cell
What is the main differences between DNA RNA?
DNA: double stranded, neucliotides, adenine, thymine, cytosine guanine
RNA single strand adenine uracil cytosine guanine
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Define stem cells
Unspecialized cells that become specialized cells
What are the different types of stem cells?
Adult and embryonic
What kind of connective tissue is cells in a liquid matrix.
Circulating
What tissue can be areoles or adipose
Generalized connective tissue
What are two examples of structural connective tissue?
Bone and cartilage
