Chapter 5 Disease And Disease Producing Substances Flashcards
Pathology pathophysiology
Study of disease
What is disease?
Abnormality of the structure or function of a part, organ, or system
What are the seven categories of disease?
Infection Degenerative disease Nutritional disorders Metabolic disorders Immune disorders Neoplasms Psychiatric disorders
Degenerative disease
Disorders that breakdown tissues in the body
Metabolic disorders
Include any disruption of cellular metabolism
Neoplasm
Refers to cancer and other types of tumors
Predisposing cause
A factor that is known to increase the probability that an individual will become ill
Some causes increase susceptibility to particular diseases
Idiopathic
Diseases of unknown origin
Latrogenic
Diseases due to adverse treatment effects
Example nausea from chemo
Epidemiology
The study of diseases in entire populations, includes the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases
Incidence rate
Number of new cases within a population in a specific time frame population size
Prevalence rate
Number of cases within a population in a specific time frame
Mortality rate
Number of cases resulting in death in a specific time frame
Communicable
Can be transmitted from one person to another
Endemic
Disease found to a lesser extent but continuously
Pandemic
Prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or global
Acute
Severe/short duration
Chronic
Less severe/long duration
Subacute
Between both
Health promotion organizations
The WHO
Public health agency Canada (PHAC)
The CDC (centre for disease control of prevention)
Parasites
Live on or within a host at their expense
Host
An organism that houses a parasite
Infection
Invasion by pathogens
Can be local or systemic
Latent stage
No clinical signs are evident
Incubation period
Time between exposure to the microorganisms and the onset of the signs or symptoms
Prodromal period
Signs are nonspecific, but there are early signs enough where the person is aware of a change in the body
Examples fatigue, loss of appetite, or headaches
Normal flora
Finely tuned ecosystem (live in balance)
Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of ecosystem
Prions
Composed solely of protein Even smaller than viruses Slow growing and hard to destroy Produces spongy degeneration of brain tissue Creutzfeldt jakob disease in humans Mad cow
Fungi
Few are pathogenic
Reproduces by cell division or by the production of spores
Types of fungi
Yeasts single-celled forms of fungi
Moods fuzzy filamentous multicellular forms of fungi
Mycotic infections
Diseases caused by fungi
Examples of mycotic infections?
Ring shaped rash ringworm
Tinea pedis ‘athletes foot’
Pneumonia
Protozoa
Animal like single celled microbes found all over the world
4 main types of Protozoa
Amebas, ciliates, flagellates, apicomplexans /sporozoa
Examples of bacterial diseases
Bacterial pneumonia, anthrax, strep throat, urinary tract infection, syphilis
Examples of viral diseases
Viral pneumonia, common cold, influenza, aids, west Nile
Examples of fungal mycotic diseases
Oral thrush, aspergillosis(respiratory fungal infection)
Examples of protozoal diseases
Amebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness, malaria, toxoplasmosis
Types of sterilization
Autoclave, dry heat, chemical
What are aseptic methods
Procedures that kill, remove, or prevent the growth of microbes
Asepsis
A condition in which no pathogens are present
Examples of disinfection
Chlorine compounds
Phenol compounds
Bactericide and germicide
Antisepsis
Process in which pathogens are not necessarily killed but are prevented from multiplying to prevent infection
Antiseptics
Are disinfectants that are safe to use on living tissues
Example: safe to use on skin
Antimicrobial agents
Drugs used to kill or inhibit infectious microorganisms
