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PCS Unit 2 - Distribution, Defence and Repair > Week 6 - The innate response, the adaptive response > Flashcards

Week 6 - The innate response, the adaptive response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of pathogen?

A

DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms

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2
Q

What are the main differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

innate - fast, non-specific, fixed

adaptive - slow, specific, responsive

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3
Q

Where are the complement proteins made?

A

in the liver

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4
Q

Where are complement proteins found?

A

blood, lymph and extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A

to mark out a pathogen that has penetrated the epithelial barrier by coating it with complement proteins that makes them more easily phagocytosed

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6
Q

What are the inactive forms of the complement system called?

A

zymogens (infection triggers complement activation)

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7
Q

What is the most important complement protein?

A

C3

a deficiency in C3 can lead to successive severe infections

the end result of complement activation is the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b

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8
Q

What is the function of C3b?

A

attaches to the surface of a pathogen (complement fixation)

tags the pathogen for destruction by phagocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of C3a?

A

to act as a chemoattractant to recruit effector cells to the site of infection (anaphylatoxin)

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10
Q

What pathway works at the start of infection?

A

alternative pathway

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11
Q

What are the three pathways of complement activation?

A

alternative, lectin and classical

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12
Q

What are the four main outcomes the the complement system?

A

opsonisation, cell lysis, recruitment of inflammatory cells, clearence of immune complexes

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13
Q

What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?

A

C-reactive protein or antibody binding to specific antigen on surface of pathogen

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14
Q

What triggers the lectin pathway?

A

mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface

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15
Q

What receptor on the macrophage binds to C3b?

A

CR1 (complement receptor 1)

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16
Q

What is the function of C5b?

A

to initiate the formation of the membrane-attack complex

17
Q

What antibodies activate the classical pathway?

A

IgG and IgM

18
Q

What pathways provide antibody independant ‘innate’ immunity?

A

alternative and lectin

19
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

a process in which bacteria and other cells are made available for phagocytosis

20
Q

What are immune complexes?

A

insoluble lattices of antigen bound to antibody that trigger inflammation

21
Q

How can immune complexes be cleared?

A

activated C3 can interupt the lattice making them soluble

C3 and C4 bind to CR1 on erythrocytes which transport the immune complex to the liver and spllen to be phagocytosed

22
Q

What complement components from the membrane-attack complex?

A

C5 - C9

23
Q

How is the complement system regulated?

A

by 8 complement inhibitors

CD59 - prevents formation of MAC by locking into it as it forms

24
Q

What cell produces antibodies?

A

effector B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

25
Q

What stimulates a B cell to proliferate and differentiate into a plasma cell?

A

the binding of an antigen to an immunoglobulinon its membrane

26
Q

What are the five classes of immunoglobulin?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM

27
Q

What is the most abundant antibody found in blood and lymph?

A

IgG

28
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

four polypeptide chains

two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

29
Q

What antibody is transferred to a newborn baby via breast milk?

This is an example of what type of immunity?

A

IgA

passive

30
Q

What antibody is transferred to the foetus through the placenta?

A

IgG

another example of passive immunity where active immunity is transferred in the form of ready made antibodies

31
Q

What is the function of peptidases?

A

to digest proteins

hydrolyse oligopeptides to aminoacids

32
Q

Where are peptidases found?

A

on the brush border

33
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

34
Q

What antibody do B lymphocytes secrete when they are first activated?

A

IgM - larger surface area

PCS Unit 2 - Distribution, Defence and Repair (12 decks)

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