Week 6 Sensory Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define absorbance

A

Light extracted from incidental light, a filter absorbs light and transmits light that isn’t absorbed
→ we see light that is not absorbed

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2
Q

Define reflectance

A

Light that bounces off an object

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3
Q

Define iridescence

A

Reflected light that is “edited” by subtraction or addition

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4
Q

Define fluorescence

A

Light of a given wavelength that is absorbed the emitted at a longer wavelength

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5
Q

Define luminescence

A

Light” created “without incidental light through a chemical reaction

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6
Q

Can we see heat?

A
  • Every object emits some electromagnetic radiation
  • amount of inferred is dependant on its temp
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7
Q

How do snakes see heat?

A

Snake pit organs have TRPA1 channels that absorb infrared light and trigger a response

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8
Q

Define pigment

A

Macromolecules that have colour

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9
Q

What are the major pigments

A

Heme’s (red)
Carotenes (yellow/red)
Melanins (black / Brown/ red/ orange)
Guanines (whites / iridescent)

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10
Q

What are respiratory pigments

A

They have colour but the colour is fairly irrelevant to the animal

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11
Q

How do organism detect photoperiod

A

Depend on circadian rhythm of photosensitivity

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12
Q

What does it mean to “sense” something?

A

Translating chemical physical stimulus into cellular change to elect a response

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13
Q

Neuronal receptors are….

A

A neuron that uses AP to communicate and act as a receptor (afferent)

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14
Q

Non-neuronal receptors are…

A

Regulate afferent neurons
→ use second messages and NT releases

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15
Q

What are pheromones

A

Signalling factors produced/ released into the environment
→when they reach the target cell the dissolve into the surrounding fluid
→ bind onto a receptor on a sensory neuron either opening a channel or triggering signalling pathway
→ phéromone-responsive neurons send signals to the brain to initiate an appropriate behaviour

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16
Q

What do smell and taste involve

A

Chemosensing

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17
Q

What happens in chemosensing?

A

Receptors bind specific chemicals that trigger a signalling cascade

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18
Q

How do taste and smell differ?

A

Taste = sensory cell is not a neuron
Smell= sensor is a neuron

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19
Q

Electro - sensing…

A

Generate an electric field and enables direction and physical situation

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20
Q

Magnetosensing…

A

Magnetic field detects change in orientation

21
Q

What is bioluminescence?

A

Light production used by animals to communicate

22
Q

What are statocysts

A

Organ of equilibrium found in aquatic animals that is typically a fluid filled vesicle lined with sensory hairs that detect position

23
Q

What’s sensory transduction?

A

Conversion of stimulus energy to change in membrane potential

24
Q

Direct transmission..

A

Produces action potentials and have an axon that extends into Cns

25
Q

Indirect transmission…

A

Chemical synapses with sensory neurons and typically responds to stimuli by increasing afferent signals

26
Q

Define amplification

A

Strength of a sensory signal during transduction

27
Q

Define adaptation

A

Tendency of neurons to become less sensitive to stimuli

28
Q

Does the direction of hair projections matter?

A

Yes, one direction will depolarize and the other will hyperpolerize

29
Q

What does the inner ear do besides process auditory info?

A

Detect body movement, position, and balance

30
Q

What do fish/amphibians use to detect position?

A

Lateral line system

31
Q

What is a compound eye?

A

Several thousand light detectors (ommatidia)
→efficient in movement detection and colour vision

32
Q

What is single lens

A

Works like a camera (spiders/worms)

33
Q

Why does the brain “see”

A

Processes light into from retina
- rods/ cones depolarize and relate NT glutamate

34
Q

Define lateral inhibition

A

Sharpens/ enhances contrast of precieved image by inhibiting receptors lateral to those that responded

35
Q

Define optic chiasm

A

2 optic nerves meet and axons are segregated

36
Q

Why are male more commonly colour blind?

A

Red/green pigments are on the X chromosome

37
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Collection of modified epithelial cells on the tongue or in the mouth

38
Q

How do we smell?

A

Sensory cells/neurons on the upper portion of the nasal cavity send impuses along axon directly to brain

39
Q

What is hydrostatic skeleton

A

Fluid held under pressure in closed body compartment
→ control movement by using muscles to chance shape of fluid

40
Q

Define exoskeleton

A

Hard encasement deposited on animal surface

41
Q

Define endoskeleton

A

Hard internal skeleton buried in suf tissue

42
Q

What forces must animals over come

A

Gravity and friction

43
Q

What is the role of calcium?

A

Interaction between actin and myosin controlled by proteins

44
Q

What is transverse tables

A

In folding of plasma membrane of muscle
→ acts as storage (sarcoplasmic recticulum)

45
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

Move oxygen binding proteins

46
Q

Why do fast twitch muscle move faster?

A

Have more extensive t-tubules
→ higher densities of channels t pump ions back and forth

47
Q

Describe cardiac muscles

A

→ Have ion channels that cause rhythmic depolarization which allows for AP without input from nervous system
→ have longer AP and refractory period

48
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

→ in the walls of hollow organs
→lack serrations, actin/myosin aren’t arrayed along cell
→ contract slowly
→ don’t have troponin complex, +-tubules, and sr not developed