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Bio Midterm > Week 5 Neurons And Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 5 Neurons And Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was the first animal to arose from protist ancestor?

A

Choanoflagellates

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2
Q

What are the main benefits of multicellularity

A

→ lower surface areas to volume ratio affects flux in an out
→efficiency through divisor of labour via cell specialization

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3
Q

What does division of labour mean?

A

Cell specialization: cell divides up The responsibilities for survival amongst each other

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4
Q

Describe cell specialization in tissues and organs

A

Regions/faces can become dedicated to specific functions

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5
Q

What are the three models of cellular specialization

A
  1. Aggregation of “like” cells
  2. Division of responsibilities
  3. Dedicated functions
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6
Q

In intercellular connections what is the impact of a cell wall?

A

→resist cell volume changes
→can grow but not easily move

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7
Q

How does 1 genome have different cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells are omnipotent, become any type of cell
→individual cell can differentiate turning on/off suites of genes to express specific phenotype

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8
Q

What is a metamer?

A

Repeating subunits that appear in embryonic development

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9
Q

What is a tagma?

A

A collection of segments in embryonic development that permit formation of complex structures

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10
Q

What is cephalization?

A

Collection of tagmata that enables sensory and nervous processes to be concentrated toward the anterior

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11
Q

What are the animal evolution trends

A

-increase in size
- increase in complexity
- increase in specialization and regionalization

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12
Q

How do non-animal organisms more?

A

-cytoskeleton reorganization
- flagella and cilia
-osmotic pressure

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13
Q

What do neurons and myocytes have in common?

A

They are both post-mitotic cells which means they no longer divide
→not prone to cancer but also cannot repair themselves

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14
Q

Why do neurons have a complex cytoskeletal network?

A
  • Structurally polarize
  • have microtublules
  • require constant movement
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15
Q

What does na-k-ATPase do?

A

Permits recovery of a resting membrane potential enabling the excitable cells to repeat action potentials

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16
Q

Can NKA be found in plants

A

No! Only in animals, plants vs h-atpase

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17
Q

How does activation of myocytes in skeletal muscle happen?

A

A neuron triggers an action potential that causes an increase in cast

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18
Q

How does activation of a cardiac muscle happen?

A

Myocyte communicates AP directly to another magocyte to cause increase in calcium

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19
Q

How does activation of smooth muscle happen?

A

Changes activation state with input from neurons, hormones and may or may not change calcium levels

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20
Q

Is contraction, shortening

A

No, the cell doesn’t necessarily contract as in get shorter

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21
Q

What do protein specific toxins do?

A

→ligand binds a protein, altering its behaviour
→ affects the functions of specific cells, typically neurons
→ affects physiological systems

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22
Q

How do organisms that make toxin avoid poisoning themselves?

A

→ Insensitive targets ( host differs in shape or lacks target centirly)
→avoidance (host maybe vulnerable to the toxin but its held in a diff compartments )

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23
Q

What are the proteins that regulate the process of neuronal function called?

A

Gene products - evolve to suit organisms structure/function

24
Q

If a toxin activates/inactivales a neuromuscular protein, what happens?

A

Toxins can open channels, block it, change kinetics and effects may be reversible or not

25
Q

What does tetrodotoxin do?

A

Binds to sodium voltage gated channels, locking them closed

26
Q

What are muscarinic receptor toxins?

A

G-protein coupled receptors mat bind to acetylcholine

27
Q

What is atropine?

A

An antagonist of Ac H at muscarine receptors

28
Q

What is snake venom?

A

→ cocktails of many toxins, some act on specific proteins and some alter enzyme activity
→ metalloprotinases have enzymes that breakdown extracellular matrix (hemorrhages)
→ phospholipase are enzymes that attack phospholipids (inflamation)

29
Q

Define sensory neuron

A

Transmit info about external stimuli

30
Q

Define inter neuron

A

Neurons in the brain that receive/ process info

31
Q

Define motor neurons

A

Transmit signals to muscle cells

32
Q

What is the concentration of sodium and potassium in a cell

A

Cells have a high concentration of potassium inside and a low concentration of sodium outside
→ this causes a membrane potential ( - 70/-90)

33
Q

What is the typical concentration of potassium

A
  • 90 mv
34
Q

What is the typical concentration of sodium?

A

+62mv

35
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and allows for faster conduction and insulation around an axon

36
Q

Define saltatory conduction

A

Rapid transmission of nerve impulse along a axon

37
Q

What is post-synaptic potentials?

A

Receiving signals (NT) from pre-synaptic neurons

38
Q

Define excitatory post-synaptic potential

A

Change in membrane potential that brings the post synaptic closer to threshold

39
Q

Define inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

Change in membrane potential that hyperpolarizes

40
Q

Define temporal summation

A

Time →2 ap occurring at single synapse in rapid succession

41
Q

Define spacial summation

A

Amount → diff synapses at same neuron

42
Q

How do neurons terminate?

A

Neurotransmitters bind to a metabotropic receptor that regulates ion channels

43
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Essential to muscle contraction, allows motor neurons to synapse with muscles

44
Q

What does glutamate do?

A

Binds to many ligand channels → memory

45
Q

What are neuropetides?

A

Short chains of amino that operate via metabotropic receptors
→ endorphins: natural analgesics/decreases pain perception

46
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

Synthesizes on demand
→defused into target cell

47
Q

What does carbon monoxide do?

A

Regulates release of hypothalamic hormones

48
Q

Where is short term memory stored?

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

Where does short term memory get stored?

A

Cerebral cortex

50
Q

What is enteric division?

A

The myenteric plexus and controls Gi movements, the submucosal plexus controls Gi secretions/ blood flow

51
Q

What happens in parasympathetic efferent pathway?

A

Slows heart, rest/digest

52
Q

What does the sympathetic pathway do?

A

Increases heart rate and contractile function.
→ fight or flight

53
Q

Define plasticity

A

Ability to change both synaptic connections and functional properties of neurons in response to stimui

54
Q

What is the purpose of the CNS and PNS

A

Integrate information and trigger events that ensure homeostasis as well as enable animals to respond to situations

55
Q

Define gila

A

Cells of the nervous system that support/regulate/ augment functions of nerves

Bio Midterm (6 decks)

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