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Bio Midterm > Week 4 Physiological Systems > Flashcards

Week 4 Physiological Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different physiology models?

A
  1. Applied models
  2. August krogh models
  3. Evolutionary models
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2
Q

What are the recurring themes in animal physiology

A

1.its integrative biology (molecules → organisms
2. Form and function variation, both within and between animals
3. Alternative approaches to homeostasis

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3
Q

What type of cells promote communication?

A

Epithelial cells → transport something from one side to another

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4
Q

What do epithelial cells need to communicate?

A
  1. Strong connection
  2. Structural platform (basal lamina)
  3. Polarity
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5
Q

What are the different types of cell layers

A
  1. Cuboidal epithelium (circle)
  2. Simple squamous epithelium( small square)
  3. Simple columnar epithelium ( columns)
  4. Stratified squamous epithelium(2 type)
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6
Q

What are the different layers in a epithelial cell

A

Apical - closest to outside
Basal - closest to inside

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7
Q

Difference between regulating and remodelling

A

Regulation is changes existing in hardware
Remodelling (plasticity)is changes in hardware that may be irreversible(developmental plasticity) or reversible (acclimation, acclimatization)

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8
Q

Microevolution is…

A

With in species: artificial and natural selection

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9
Q

Macroevolution is…

A

Between species: fast and slow animals

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10
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

Reversible changes in physiology in response to a complex natural environment

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11
Q

What is acclimation?

A

Experimental approach determining now a single environmental factor contributes to a change seen in acclimatization

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12
Q

Define allostasis

A

Many things changing to keep one thing constant

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13
Q

What is the physiological process that all for regulation?

A

Conformers and regulators

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14
Q

What are conformers?

A

Allow internal conditions ro change with external conditions (tolerate change)

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15
Q

What are regulators?

A

Maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions (resist change)

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16
Q

What is only driven by the electrochemical gradient of what is transported

A

Passive transport

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17
Q

What requires an additional form of energy

A

Active transport

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18
Q

What does primary active transport need?

A

Uses ATP

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19
Q

What does secondary active transport use?

A

Another form of energy’s typically a favorable gradient of something else

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20
Q

What are the different gated channels?

A

Voltage, ligand, temperature, mechanically

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21
Q

How do solutes travel via primary active transport?

A

ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to eject solute from cytoplasm against its electrochemical gradient

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22
Q

How do molecules travel across membranes via secondary active transport?

A

One molecule drives the transport of another

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23
Q

What are the different ways molectues move via secondary active transport?

A

Exchangers (antiport) or co-transporters (symport)

24
Q

Define exchangers (antiports)

A

More one molecule into the cell an another out of the cell

25
Q

Define co-transporters (symports)

A

Move two molecules in the same direction

26
Q

What are the different types of cell-cell communication?

A

Autocrine, parachrine , endocrine

27
Q

Define autocrine

A

The cell signals itself

28
Q

Define paracrire

A

Cell signals neighbouring cell

29
Q

Define endocrine

A

Cell signals a different cell far away

30
Q

What is the most important determinant of a hormone pathway?

A

Chemical nature of factor (solubility)

31
Q

What solutes are hydrophilic?

A

Proteins/ peptides(insulin, glucagon, gonadotropins)
Amines ( catecholamins, dopamine)
Purines (adenosine)

32
Q

What solutes are hydrophobic?

A

Aromatic amino acid derivatives (thyroxine)
Steroids (estrogen, VD, ecdysteroids)
Fatty acid derivatives( prostaglandins)
Gases (nitric oxide)

33
Q

What are the steps of signaling pathways?

A

1.synthesis (hormone synthesized in endocrine gland)
2. Secretion (escapes tissues)
3. Transport ( travels to target)
4. Reception (binds)
5. Transduction (connects receptor to signaling events )
6.effectors (change in cell)

34
Q

What is cell signalling essential for?

A

Homeostasis

35
Q

What is a agonist?

A

Triggers same response as hormone

36
Q

What’s an antagonist?

A

Prevent natural hormone from binding

37
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that have the main job of regulating other hormones

38
Q

What are the major glands for cell-cell communication

A

Hypothalamus /pituitary gland

39
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Receives and sends out information
→ senses metabolic status
→ sends axons to pituitary

40
Q

Function of the pituitary glands

A

Posteriors → collection of termini of axons from hypo

41
Q

Function of adrenal glands

A

Kidney, secretes epinephrines in flight/fight responses(inner cortex) and secretes steroids (outer)

42
Q

What are the 3 main filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

1.microtublues
2. Intermediate
3. Actin

43
Q

How does the cytosketon move?

A

Motor proteins use ATP to change their shape
→kinesin / dynein(one walks to pos, one to neg)

44
Q

What 2 proteins block the place on actin where myosin binds

A

Tropomyosin( long thin protein )
Troponin (makes sure tropomyosin is in the right position)

45
Q

Muscles that have sarconeres have a stripped appearance are…

A

Striated muscles

46
Q

Why is myosin referred toa mechano-enzyme?

A

Its an enzyme because it breaks down ATP and as a result changes in shape

47
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical secreted in extracellular fluid, and circulates through blood and communicates regulatory messages (specific function)

48
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

Neurotransmitters diffusing into bloodstream and triggering response in target cells

49
Q

Define negative feedback

A

Form of regulation in which response reduces initial stimulus (restores pre-existing state)

50
Q

Define positive feedback

A

Form of regulation that reinforces a stimulus leading to a greater response ( amplifies both stimulus and response)

51
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland

A

Acts as an extension of hypothalamus
→ stores hormones (adh/oxytocin )

52
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Is an endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones (prolactin)

53
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

54
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

55
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Protein that stretches over thin filament and blocks binding

56
Q

What is troponin?

A

Globular protein that binds to the tropomyosin and keep in position

Bio Midterm (6 decks)

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