Week 6: Respiratory

Question 1

Obstructive Sleep Apnea
risk factors

Answer 1

Obesity
Male gender
Age (increased risk with older age)
Family history of sleep apnea
Anatomical abnormalities (e.g., enlarged tonsils, deviated septum)
Smoking
Alcohol consumption

Question 2

Clinical features of OSA

Answer 2

• Daytime somnolence
• Nocturia
• Witnessed apneas
• Insomnia
• Monring headaches
• Dry mouth
• Cognitive impairment
• Croweded oropharynx

Question 3

Mallampati score

Answer 3

• assess visibility of ora structures
• Class I is best, Class IIII is worst

Question 4

Polysomnography

Answer 4

an investigation collecting multiple physiological parameters during sleep.
Includes:
* Pulse Oximetry
* Electroencephalogram (EEG)
* Electro-oculogra (EOG)
* Electromyogram (EMG)
* ECG
* Nasal Pressure Cannula
* Thermocouple
* Microphone
* Thoraco Admonial Bands

Question 5

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 5

Records brain’s electrical activity.

Question 6

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

Answer 6

Tracks eye movement during sleep.

Question 7

Electromyogram (EMG)

Answer 7

Monitors muscle activity.

Question 8

Nasal pressure cannula

Answer 8

Measures airflow through the nostrils

Question 9

Thermocouple

Answer 9

Measures airflow by detecting temperature changes.

Question 10

Microphone in Polysomnography

Answer 10

Records sounds like snoring during sleep.

Question 11

Thoraco-abdominal bands

Answer 11

Monitor chest and abdominal movement to assess breathing.

Question 12

Obstructive apnoea

Answer 12

Complete cessation of airflow due to upper airway resistance and obstruction, characterised by effort to breathe against resistance.

Question 13

Central apnoea

Answer 13

Complete cessation of airflow due to lack of control from brainstem respiratory centres; caused by medications, cardiac failure, brainstem
disease, or idiopathic in nature.

Question 14

Type 1 (A) Sensitivity

Answer 14

IgE mediated (Allergic) responses (e.g., anaphylaxis, atopic tetrad)

Question 15

Type 2 (C) hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 15

Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

Question 16

Type 3 (I) Hypersensitivity Reactions

Answer 16

Immune-mediated responses involving IgG and IgM

Question 17

Type 4 (D) hypersensitivity reactions.

Answer 17

Delayed or cell-mediated response

Question 18

Risk Factors for Atopic Disorders

Answer 18

• Maternal exposures
• Type of Birth
• Skin Epithelial dysfunction (eg vitmain d deffincey)
• Lung epithelium dysfunction
• Gut epithelium dysfunction

Question 19

Management of Atopy

Answer 19

• Corticosteroids
• Anti-alarmin therapy (inhibits differntiation of naive T cells into Th2 Cells
• Anti-Th2 Therapy (blocks cytokine receptor signalling
• Immunosuppresants
• Anti-IgE (prevents binding of antibodies to mast cells)

Question 20

Type 2 Asthma vs Non type 2

Answer 20

Type 2: is more common, More severe, has airway/systemic eosinophilla
and is responsive to corticosteriods

Question 21

Asthma Pathophysiology

Answer 21

1. Trigger
2. Release of inflmmatory mediators with mast cell degranulation
3. Promotion of tissuse inflammation
4. Smooth muscle contraction
5. Stimulation of nerves leads to airway narrowing

Question 22

Clinical Features of Asthma

Answer 22

• Wheezing (mostly exhalation)
• Cough (especially at night)
• Dyspnoea
• Chest Tightness

Question 23

Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 23

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi, resulting in mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hypertrophy, chronic cough, and airway narrowing.

Question 24

Emphysema

Answer 24

Destruction of alveolar walls, leading to loss of elastic recoil and impaired gas exchange.

Question 25

COPD vs Asthma

Answer 25

Asthma: chronic sputum production is rarer, doesnt have cyanosis or barrel chest, and is worse at night