Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MS1 > Week 11 Haematological > Flashcards

Week 11 Haematological Flashcards

1
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

White Blood celll formation and maturation within the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Granulated/ monocyte stage of differentiation

A

Differentiation into myeloid cells, leading to neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes/macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Megakaryocytes / Platelets

A

Formation of megakaryocytes that produce platelets essential for blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lymphoid development

A

Yields lymphocytes including B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neutrophil: Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: Polymorphonuclear with granules
Function: Phagocytosis for innate immunity
Location: circulate in blood and migrate to sites of infection
Lifespan: 6-8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Monocyte : Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: Kidney shaped nucleus with fine granules
Function: precursor of macrophages and dendritic
Location: circulate in blood, and migrate to tissues when needed
Lifespan: circulate for a few days, can live for months to weeks in tissuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eosinophil : Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: bilobed nucleus with large granules
Function: defence against parasitic infections and involvement in allergies
Location: tissues and bloodstream
Lifespan: 8-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Basophils : Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: bilobed nucleus large granules
Function: release histamine and other mediators involved in allergic response
Location: circulate in blood but are rare compared to other WBCs
Lifespan: hours to days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macrophages: Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: irregular shaped nucleus, abundant cytoplasm
Function: phagocytosis of pathogens and debris + antigen presentation and tissue repair
Location: lungs liver spleen ect
Lifespan: months to years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Biological process in which cells such as immune cells move in response to chemical signals or gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T cells function

A

Cell mediated immunity
Recognise and attach infected or abnormal host cells such as virus infected or cancer cells.
There are multiple types including CD8+ (cytotoxic), CD4+ (t helper) to Tregs (T regulatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

B lymphocytes function

A

Humoral Immuntity, produce antibodies that can neutralise pathogens, mark them for destruction or enchanted phagocytosis, also antigen prevention to T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Leucoytosis

A

Abnormal increase in number of leukocytes in blood often indicating immune response to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Leukopeania

A

Decrease in total WBC count, increasing infection risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neutropaenia

A

Condition characterised by a deficiency in neutrophils, increasing risk of bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Monocytopeadia

A

Reduction in number of monocytes, reducing ability to fight certain infections and inflammatory condition s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymph Node capsule function

A

Provides structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lymph nodes subcapsular sinus function

A

Collects lymph and acts as the intital filtration site for pathogens and foreign materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lymph Node cortex function

A

Contains B cell follicle where B lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymph node paracortex function

A

Contains T cell zones where t lymphocyte are activated and play a crucial role in cell mediate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymph node medulla function

A

Contains plasma cells that produce antibodies and macrophages that phagocytise pathogens and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lymphoid nodules function

A

Clusters of b and t lympcytes that participate in the immune response by recognising and responding to antigens

24
Q

Chemokine

A

Subset of cytokine - attract immune cells to site of infection or inflammation

25
Q

Roles of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation - release contents into external environment
Netosis: Expulsion of nuclear material in the form of Neutrophil extracellular traps

26
Q

Process of pathogen recognition

A
  1. Pathogens Exposure
  2. Antigen identification - by WBCs eg macrophage
  3. PRR binding - binding of pattern recognition receptors to pathogens surface
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Antigen presentation
  6. T cell recognition - T helper cells or Cytotoxic T
    B B cell recognition
27
Q

Complement Action

A

Opsonisation - Proteins coat pathogens, making them ore susceptible to phagocytosis
Inflammation - Complement activation leads to increased Blood flow
Punching holes / lysis of membrane

28
Q

IgM antibodies

A

Most common, long term protection

29
Q

IgD Antibodies

A

Found in mucosal secretions

30
Q

IgG Antibdies

A

First one produced, is a pentagon, good for agglutination

31
Q

IgE antibodies

A

Found on surface of B cells

32
Q

IgA antibodies

A

Allergic response and hypersentivity

33
Q

AML leukaemia

A

Fast growing cancer of blood and bone marrow charterized by rapid proliferation of immature myeloid WBCs

34
Q

ALL leukaemia

A

Rapidly progressive cancer of blood and bone marrow primary affecting lymphoid WBCs, most common in children

35
Q

CML leukaemia

A

Slow gorwing, originates in myeloid WBCs, presence of Philadelphia chromosome

36
Q

CLL leukaemia

A

Slowly progressing, effects lymphocytes, accumulation of abnormal WBCs in bone marrow

37
Q

MM leukaemia

A

Cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow, leading to overproduction of abnormal monoclonal antibodiess and weakened bones

38
Q

Leukaemia vs Lymphoma

A

Leukaemia = excess clonal WBCs
Lymphoma = clonal proliferation of various cell subset of lymphocytes at different stages of maturation
Lymphocyte = T cell, B cell, NKC

39
Q

Indolent malignancy

A

Slow and non aggressive

40
Q

Acute lymphoid malignancy

A

Progress refit and involve immature or underdeveloped cells

41
Q

Clinical Features of acute leukaemia

A

Fatigue
Infection
Bleeding (due to increased platelets)
Heptosplenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Headache
Athralgia (joint pain)
Skin rashes

42
Q

Clinical features of chronic leaukeamias

A

Fatigue
Heptosplenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Athragia

43
Q

Complications of haematological malignancies

A

Organomegaly
Bleeding/brusing
Infection
Anaemia
Renal failure (due to abnormal proteins eg Immunoglobulins which can clog and damage filtration systems)
Bone pain

44
Q

Risk factors for leukaemia

A

Chemicals/radiation
Genetic abnormality (eg Down syndrome)
Smoking
Viruses eg Epstein Barr virus
Past medical history
Family history

45
Q

Roles of Bone marrow biopsy

A

Diagnoses - rule out leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma
Classification - subtype and stage of malignancy ~
Staging - can see stage and potential spread
Monitoring - response to treatment/relapse
Treatment guide

46
Q

Flow Cytometry markers

A

CD34 - immaturity
CD19 - indicative of lymphoid lineage
CD117 - indicates myeloid lineage

47
Q

Binet staging system for CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia)

A

Stage 1: fewer than three enlarged lymph node groups + no anaemia or thrombocytopenia
Stage 2: 3+ enlarged lymph node groups + no anaemia or thrombocytopenia
Stage 3: have anaemia or thrombocytopenia, enlarged lymph node groups doesn’t matter

48
Q

Stages of cancer treatment

A

Induction: rapidly reduce cancer cells
Consolidation eliminate any remaining cancer cells
Maintenance: Lower dose long term theoapy to prevent re emergence
Allogenic Stem cell transplant infusing of healthy stem cells to replace diseased bone marrow

49
Q

Development of Chronic Myeloid leukaemia

A
  1. Reciprocal translocation (between chromosomes 9 and 22) forms BCR-ABL gene
  2. BCR-ABL fusion genes codes for active tyrosine kinase
  3. Tyrosine kinase activates uncontrolled cell signalling and proliferation, particularly of Granulocytes
  4. Abnormal accumulation of myeloid cels in marrow and blood leds yo fatigue, splenomegaly, leukocytosis
50
Q

Leakocytosis

A

Abnormally high WBCs

51
Q

TKIs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors)

A

Bind to active site, name ends in -inib

52
Q

Polycythaemia Vera (PV)

A

Blood disorder where bone marrow produces to many RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, leading to increased clotting risk

53
Q

Throbocythemia (AKA ET)

A

Overproduction of platelets, can lead to abnormal blood clots or bleeds

54
Q

Myelofibrosis

A

Bone marrow develops fibrosis tissue, reducing ability to produce normal cells, leading to anaemia and splenomegaly

55
Q

Aplastic anaemia

A

Reduction of number of all blood cell types, in bone marrow
To diagnose CBC and also Bine marrow biopsy (to see reduction in heamatopoetic blood cells)
Treatment can be meds, blood transfusions, or others

MS1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions