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MS1 > Week 11 Haematological > Flashcards

Week 11 Haematological Flashcards

1
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

White Blood celll formation and maturation within the bone marrow

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2
Q

Granulated/ monocyte stage of differentiation

A

Differentiation into myeloid cells, leading to neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes/macrophages

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3
Q

Megakaryocytes / Platelets

A

Formation of megakaryocytes that produce platelets essential for blood clotting

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4
Q

Lymphoid development

A

Yields lymphocytes including B and T cells

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5
Q

Neutrophil: Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: Polymorphonuclear with granules
Function: Phagocytosis for innate immunity
Location: circulate in blood and migrate to sites of infection
Lifespan: 6-8 hours

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6
Q

Monocyte : Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: Kidney shaped nucleus with fine granules
Function: precursor of macrophages and dendritic
Location: circulate in blood, and migrate to tissues when needed
Lifespan: circulate for a few days, can live for months to weeks in tissuse

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7
Q

Eosinophil : Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: bilobed nucleus with large granules
Function: defence against parasitic infections and involvement in allergies
Location: tissues and bloodstream
Lifespan: 8-12 hours

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8
Q

Basophils : Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: bilobed nucleus large granules
Function: release histamine and other mediators involved in allergic response
Location: circulate in blood but are rare compared to other WBCs
Lifespan: hours to days

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9
Q

Macrophages: Morphology, Function, Location and Lifespan

A

Morphology: irregular shaped nucleus, abundant cytoplasm
Function: phagocytosis of pathogens and debris + antigen presentation and tissue repair
Location: lungs liver spleen ect
Lifespan: months to years

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10
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Biological process in which cells such as immune cells move in response to chemical signals or gradients

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11
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

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12
Q

T cells function

A

Cell mediated immunity
Recognise and attach infected or abnormal host cells such as virus infected or cancer cells.
There are multiple types including CD8+ (cytotoxic), CD4+ (t helper) to Tregs (T regulatory)

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13
Q

B lymphocytes function

A

Humoral Immuntity, produce antibodies that can neutralise pathogens, mark them for destruction or enchanted phagocytosis, also antigen prevention to T cells

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14
Q

Leucoytosis

A

Abnormal increase in number of leukocytes in blood often indicating immune response to infection

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15
Q

Leukopeania

A

Decrease in total WBC count, increasing infection risk

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16
Q

Neutropaenia

A

Condition characterised by a deficiency in neutrophils, increasing risk of bacterial infections

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17
Q

Monocytopeadia

A

Reduction in number of monocytes, reducing ability to fight certain infections and inflammatory condition s

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18
Q

Lymph Node capsule function

A

Provides structural support

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19
Q

Lymph nodes subcapsular sinus function

A

Collects lymph and acts as the intital filtration site for pathogens and foreign materials

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20
Q

Lymph Node cortex function

A

Contains B cell follicle where B lymphocytes produce antibodies in response to antigens

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21
Q

Lymph node paracortex function

A

Contains T cell zones where t lymphocyte are activated and play a crucial role in cell mediate immunity

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22
Q

Lymph node medulla function

A

Contains plasma cells that produce antibodies and macrophages that phagocytise pathogens and disease

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23
Q

Lymphoid nodules function

A

Clusters of b and t lympcytes that participate in the immune response by recognising and responding to antigens

24
Q

Chemokine

A

Subset of cytokine - attract immune cells to site of infection or inflammation

25
Roles of neutrophils
Phagocytosis Degranulation - release contents into external environment Netosis: Expulsion of nuclear material in the form of Neutrophil extracellular traps
26
Process of pathogen recognition
1. Pathogens Exposure 2. Antigen identification - by WBCs eg macrophage 3. PRR binding - binding of pattern recognition receptors to pathogens surface 4. Phagocytosis 5. Antigen presentation 6. T cell recognition - T helper cells or Cytotoxic T B B cell recognition
27
Complement Action
Opsonisation - Proteins coat pathogens, making them ore susceptible to phagocytosis Inflammation - Complement activation leads to increased Blood flow Punching holes / lysis of membrane
28
IgM antibodies
Most common, long term protection
29
IgD Antibodies
Found in mucosal secretions
30
IgG Antibdies
First one produced, is a pentagon, good for agglutination
31
IgE antibodies
Found on surface of B cells
32
IgA antibodies
Allergic response and hypersentivity
33
AML leukaemia
Fast growing cancer of blood and bone marrow charterized by rapid proliferation of immature myeloid WBCs
34
ALL leukaemia
Rapidly progressive cancer of blood and bone marrow primary affecting lymphoid WBCs, most common in children
35
CML leukaemia
Slow gorwing, originates in myeloid WBCs, presence of Philadelphia chromosome
36
CLL leukaemia
Slowly progressing, effects lymphocytes, accumulation of abnormal WBCs in bone marrow
37
MM leukaemia
Cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow, leading to overproduction of abnormal monoclonal antibodiess and weakened bones
38
Leukaemia vs Lymphoma
Leukaemia = excess clonal WBCs Lymphoma = clonal proliferation of various cell subset of lymphocytes at different stages of maturation Lymphocyte = T cell, B cell, NKC
39
Indolent malignancy
Slow and non aggressive
40
Acute lymphoid malignancy
Progress refit and involve immature or underdeveloped cells
41
Clinical Features of acute leukaemia
Fatigue Infection Bleeding (due to increased platelets) Heptosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Headache Athralgia (joint pain) Skin rashes
42
Clinical features of chronic leaukeamias
Fatigue Heptosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Athragia
43
Complications of haematological malignancies
Organomegaly Bleeding/brusing Infection Anaemia Renal failure (due to abnormal proteins eg Immunoglobulins which can clog and damage filtration systems) Bone pain
44
Risk factors for leukaemia
Chemicals/radiation Genetic abnormality (eg Down syndrome) Smoking Viruses eg Epstein Barr virus Past medical history Family history
45
Roles of Bone marrow biopsy
Diagnoses - rule out leukaemia, lymphoma and myeloma Classification - subtype and stage of malignancy ~ Staging - can see stage and potential spread Monitoring - response to treatment/relapse Treatment guide
46
Flow Cytometry markers
CD34 - immaturity CD19 - indicative of lymphoid lineage CD117 - indicates myeloid lineage
47
Binet staging system for CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia)
Stage 1: fewer than three enlarged lymph node groups + no anaemia or thrombocytopenia Stage 2: 3+ enlarged lymph node groups + no anaemia or thrombocytopenia Stage 3: have anaemia or thrombocytopenia, enlarged lymph node groups doesn’t matter
48
Stages of cancer treatment
**Induction:** rapidly reduce cancer cells **Consolidation** eliminate any remaining cancer cells **Maintenance:** Lower dose long term theoapy to prevent re emergence **Allogenic Stem cell transplant** infusing of healthy stem cells to replace diseased bone marrow
49
Development of Chronic Myeloid leukaemia
1. Reciprocal translocation (between chromosomes 9 and 22) forms BCR-ABL gene 2. BCR-ABL fusion genes codes for active tyrosine kinase 3. Tyrosine kinase activates uncontrolled cell signalling and proliferation, particularly of Granulocytes 4. Abnormal accumulation of myeloid cels in marrow and blood leds yo fatigue, splenomegaly, leukocytosis
50
Leakocytosis
Abnormally high WBCs
51
TKIs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors)
Bind to active site, name ends in -inib
52
Polycythaemia Vera (PV)
Blood disorder where bone marrow produces to many RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, leading to increased clotting risk
53
Throbocythemia (AKA ET)
Overproduction of platelets, can lead to abnormal blood clots or bleeds
54
Myelofibrosis
Bone marrow develops fibrosis tissue, reducing ability to produce normal cells, leading to anaemia and splenomegaly
55
Aplastic anaemia
Reduction of number of all blood cell types, in bone marrow To diagnose CBC and also Bine marrow biopsy (to see reduction in heamatopoetic blood cells) Treatment can be meds, blood transfusions, or others

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